23
understanding and knowledge can deduce tentative microbial plastic degradation
systems, which can be explored further for more efficiency.
Improper waste management framework practice for aggregation of plastic waste
and separation of different types of plastic for further processing is also one of the
major flaws to control increased synthetic waste in the environment. It is the responsibility of both the common public and researchers to change the outlook toward the
problem. The epidemic increase of plastics in the environment cannot be controlled
by individual sectors, the mutual action of the public, industries, scientists, and policymakers by minimizing the use of plastics in daily life, increasing recycling capability, development of bio-based feedstocks for plastic production, and strict
regulation for waste aggregation and collection systems.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, for Junior Research Fellowship
to AK. This work is also financially supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), New Delhi (CSC0120-Waste to Wealth).
References
Akovali G (2012) Plastic materials: polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In: Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S, Fucic
A (eds) Toxicity of building materials. Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, pp 23–53. https://doi.
org/10.1533/9780857096357.23
Akutsu-Shigeno Y, Adachi Y, Yamada C, Toyoshima K, Nomura N, Uchiyama H, NakajimaKambe T (2006) Isolation of a bacterium that degrades urethane compounds and characterization of its urethane hydrolase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 70:422–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253-005-0071-1
Albus S, Bonten C, Kegler K, Rossi G, Wessel T (2006) Plastic art: a precarious success story. Axa
Art Insurance Publication, Cologne
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Andrady AL (2015) Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L,
Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, pp 57–72. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_3
Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philos Trans R Soc
B 364(1526):1977–1984
Araújo R, Silva C, O’Neill A, Micaelo N, Guebitz G, Soares CM, Casal M, Cavaco-Paulo A (2007)
Tailoring cutinase activity towards polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide 6, 6 fibers. J
Biotechnol 128(4):849–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.12.028
Aulmann W, Pechacek N (2014) Reach (and CLP). Its role in regulatory toxicology. In: Reichl
FX, Schwenk M (eds) Regulatory toxicology. Springer, Berlin, pp 779–795. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-642-35374-1_92
Austin RN, Callaghan AV (2013) Microbial enzymes that oxidize hydrocarbons. Front Microbiol
4:338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00338
Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F (2017) Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: from emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Mar Environ Res 128:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marenvres.2016.05.012
1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Its Biotechnological Advancement
understanding and knowledge can deduce tentative microbial plastic degradation
systems, which can be explored further for more efficiency.
Improper waste management framework practice for aggregation of plastic waste
and separation of different types of plastic for further processing is also one of the
major flaws to control increased synthetic waste in the environment. It is the responsibility of both the common public and researchers to change the outlook toward the
problem. The epidemic increase of plastics in the environment cannot be controlled
by individual sectors, the mutual action of the public, industries, scientists, and policymakers by minimizing the use of plastics in daily life, increasing recycling capability, development of bio-based feedstocks for plastic production, and strict
regulation for waste aggregation and collection systems.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the
Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, for Junior Research Fellowship
to AK. This work is also financially supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), New Delhi (CSC0120-Waste to Wealth).
References
Akovali G (2012) Plastic materials: polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In: Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S, Fucic
A (eds) Toxicity of building materials. Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, pp 23–53. https://doi.
org/10.1533/9780857096357.23
Akutsu-Shigeno Y, Adachi Y, Yamada C, Toyoshima K, Nomura N, Uchiyama H, NakajimaKambe T (2006) Isolation of a bacterium that degrades urethane compounds and characterization of its urethane hydrolase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 70:422–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253-005-0071-1
Albus S, Bonten C, Kegler K, Rossi G, Wessel T (2006) Plastic art: a precarious success story. Axa
Art Insurance Publication, Cologne
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1596–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Andrady AL (2015) Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L,
Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, pp 57–72. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_3
Andrady AL, Neal MA (2009) Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philos Trans R Soc
B 364(1526):1977–1984
Araújo R, Silva C, O’Neill A, Micaelo N, Guebitz G, Soares CM, Casal M, Cavaco-Paulo A (2007)
Tailoring cutinase activity towards polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide 6, 6 fibers. J
Biotechnol 128(4):849–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.12.028
Aulmann W, Pechacek N (2014) Reach (and CLP). Its role in regulatory toxicology. In: Reichl
FX, Schwenk M (eds) Regulatory toxicology. Springer, Berlin, pp 779–795. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-642-35374-1_92
Austin RN, Callaghan AV (2013) Microbial enzymes that oxidize hydrocarbons. Front Microbiol
4:338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00338
Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F (2017) Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: from emerging pollutants to emerged threat. Mar Environ Res 128:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
marenvres.2016.05.012
1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Its Biotechnological Advancement