213
et al. 2006). The efficient adsorption of uranium ions from both freshwater and
seawater samples was carried out with cells of Chlorella sp. entrapped in polyacrylamide gel (Nakajima et al. 1982). At рН 5.0–6.0, removal of Hg(II), Cd(II), and
Pb(II) ions by immobilized microalgae was 89.5, 66.5, and 253.3 mg g
−1
dry weight
correspondingly. It was reported that immobilized microalgae are currently used for
separate isolation and concentration of palladium, platinum, lead, copper, cadmium,
and gold (Carrilho et al. 2003). In acidic media (pH <2), C. vulgaris cells immobilized on an anion-exchange resin Cellex-T effectively removed palladium and platinum (Dziwulska et al. 2004).
Conclusions Experimental evidence summarized in this review suggests that
immobilization can be beneficial for industrial cultivation of microalgae.
Immobilization facilitates harvesting of microalgae, elevates their stress tolerance,
and provides flexibility to design photobioreactors and other cultivation and biotreatment systems. All these advantages contribute to the higher productivity of microalgae and enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment. Currently, the special
biofilm photobioreactors (PBR) are being developed for generation of value-added
biomass and metabolites as well as for wastewater treatment. Finally, it should be
emphasized that successful application of immobilized microalgae under real-life
conditions entirely depends on the informed choice of the organism, optimal carrier,
and immobilization technique.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (contract №. 18-29-25050).
References
Abe K, Takahashi E, Hirano M (2008) Development of laboratory-scale photobioreactor for
water purification by use of a biofilter composed of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea
(Chlorophyta). J Appl Phycol 20(3):283–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9245-9
Aguilar-May B, del Pilar S-SM, Lizardi J, Voltolina D (2007) Growth of Synechococcus sp. immobilized in chitosan with different times of contact with NaOH. J Appl Phycol 19(2):181–183.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9132-9
Akhtar N, Iqbal M, Zafar SI, Iqbal J (2008) Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga
Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr (III). J Environ Sci
20(2):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60036-4
Aksu Z, Açıkel Ü, Kabasakal E, Tezer S (2002) Equilibrium modelling of individual and simultaneous biosorption of chromium (VI) and nickel (II) onto dried activated sludge. Water Res
36(12):3063–3073. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00530-9
Alam MA, Wan C, Guo S-L, Zhao X-Q, Huang Z-Y, Yang Y-L, Bai F-W (2014) Characterization
of the flocculating agent from the spontaneously flocculating microalga Chlorella vulgaris
JSC-7. J Biosci Bioeng 118(1):29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.021
Alhakawati MS, Banks CJ (2004) Removal of copper from aqueous solution by Ascophyllum
nodosum immobilised in hydrophilic polyurethane foam. J Environ Manag 72(4):195–204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.04.010
7 Biotechnological Applications of Immobilized Microalgae
et al. 2006). The efficient adsorption of uranium ions from both freshwater and
seawater samples was carried out with cells of Chlorella sp. entrapped in polyacrylamide gel (Nakajima et al. 1982). At рН 5.0–6.0, removal of Hg(II), Cd(II), and
Pb(II) ions by immobilized microalgae was 89.5, 66.5, and 253.3 mg g
−1
dry weight
correspondingly. It was reported that immobilized microalgae are currently used for
separate isolation and concentration of palladium, platinum, lead, copper, cadmium,
and gold (Carrilho et al. 2003). In acidic media (pH <2), C. vulgaris cells immobilized on an anion-exchange resin Cellex-T effectively removed palladium and platinum (Dziwulska et al. 2004).
Conclusions Experimental evidence summarized in this review suggests that
immobilization can be beneficial for industrial cultivation of microalgae.
Immobilization facilitates harvesting of microalgae, elevates their stress tolerance,
and provides flexibility to design photobioreactors and other cultivation and biotreatment systems. All these advantages contribute to the higher productivity of microalgae and enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment. Currently, the special
biofilm photobioreactors (PBR) are being developed for generation of value-added
biomass and metabolites as well as for wastewater treatment. Finally, it should be
emphasized that successful application of immobilized microalgae under real-life
conditions entirely depends on the informed choice of the organism, optimal carrier,
and immobilization technique.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (contract №. 18-29-25050).
References
Abe K, Takahashi E, Hirano M (2008) Development of laboratory-scale photobioreactor for
water purification by use of a biofilter composed of the aerial microalga Trentepohlia aurea
(Chlorophyta). J Appl Phycol 20(3):283–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9245-9
Aguilar-May B, del Pilar S-SM, Lizardi J, Voltolina D (2007) Growth of Synechococcus sp. immobilized in chitosan with different times of contact with NaOH. J Appl Phycol 19(2):181–183.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9132-9
Akhtar N, Iqbal M, Zafar SI, Iqbal J (2008) Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga
Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr (III). J Environ Sci
20(2):231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)60036-4
Aksu Z, Açıkel Ü, Kabasakal E, Tezer S (2002) Equilibrium modelling of individual and simultaneous biosorption of chromium (VI) and nickel (II) onto dried activated sludge. Water Res
36(12):3063–3073. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00530-9
Alam MA, Wan C, Guo S-L, Zhao X-Q, Huang Z-Y, Yang Y-L, Bai F-W (2014) Characterization
of the flocculating agent from the spontaneously flocculating microalga Chlorella vulgaris
JSC-7. J Biosci Bioeng 118(1):29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.021
Alhakawati MS, Banks CJ (2004) Removal of copper from aqueous solution by Ascophyllum
nodosum immobilised in hydrophilic polyurethane foam. J Environ Manag 72(4):195–204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.04.010
7 Biotechnological Applications of Immobilized Microalgae