relatively high among other gasoline alternatives, lower Reid vapour pressure (RVP
is used to measure volatility of gasoline and other petroleum products) leading to
decrease volatility and emissions, increased energy security to be able to produce
from a large variety of feedstock, fewer emissions (Al Makishah 2017).
It is less corrosive than bioethanol, gets easily mixed with gasoline, less evaporative than ethanol and also generate less emissions. It is less hygroscopic and less
hazardous. Among the different isomers n-butanol is a fermentative product (Jiang
et al. 2019; Tigunova et al. 2020).
2.8.1 Feedstock for Biobutanol Production
Biobutanol is produced from substrate; sugar, starch or lignocellulosic biomass by
the process of microbial fermentation. Commercially butanol is produced from
different feedstock such as starch/sugar-based crops, corn starch, beet molasses
and cassava.
2.8.2 Microorganisms Involved in Butanol Production
Microalgae is another important feedstock used for biobutanol production.
Microalgae usage has advantages over other feedstock as high efficiency and simple
photosynthetic nutritional requirements. Microalgae with high concentrations of
carbohydrates are required for butanol production as glucose is the primary substrate
for its production. The production of the butanol is by two-stage cultivation of
microalgae; first stage will be increasing biomass concentration by providing high
amounts of nutrients and second stage involves limiting the nutrients and increasing
the carbohydrates which in turn leads to production of butanol. Limiting nutrient is
generally sulphur which helps to accumulate carbohydrate. Other factors which
effect the butanol production from algae are light, osmotic stress and availability
of carbon dioxide (Gottumukkala et al. 2019).
The different strains used in this fermentation are Neochloris aquatic CL-M1,
C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, 55025, etc. C. acetobutylicum is hyper-butanol
producer and able to produce 19.1 g/L butanol utilizing glucose as substrate.
C. beijerinckii BA101 is another strain of Clostridium which is hyper-butanol
producer producing 19 g/L butanol in synthetic media. Clostridia utilize various
sugars such as glucose, sucrose, xylose, etc. for production of butanol.
2 Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
61
is used to measure volatility of gasoline and other petroleum products) leading to
decrease volatility and emissions, increased energy security to be able to produce
from a large variety of feedstock, fewer emissions (Al Makishah 2017).
It is less corrosive than bioethanol, gets easily mixed with gasoline, less evaporative than ethanol and also generate less emissions. It is less hygroscopic and less
hazardous. Among the different isomers n-butanol is a fermentative product (Jiang
et al. 2019; Tigunova et al. 2020).
2.8.1 Feedstock for Biobutanol Production
Biobutanol is produced from substrate; sugar, starch or lignocellulosic biomass by
the process of microbial fermentation. Commercially butanol is produced from
different feedstock such as starch/sugar-based crops, corn starch, beet molasses
and cassava.
2.8.2 Microorganisms Involved in Butanol Production
Microalgae is another important feedstock used for biobutanol production.
Microalgae usage has advantages over other feedstock as high efficiency and simple
photosynthetic nutritional requirements. Microalgae with high concentrations of
carbohydrates are required for butanol production as glucose is the primary substrate
for its production. The production of the butanol is by two-stage cultivation of
microalgae; first stage will be increasing biomass concentration by providing high
amounts of nutrients and second stage involves limiting the nutrients and increasing
the carbohydrates which in turn leads to production of butanol. Limiting nutrient is
generally sulphur which helps to accumulate carbohydrate. Other factors which
effect the butanol production from algae are light, osmotic stress and availability
of carbon dioxide (Gottumukkala et al. 2019).
The different strains used in this fermentation are Neochloris aquatic CL-M1,
C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, 55025, etc. C. acetobutylicum is hyper-butanol
producer and able to produce 19.1 g/L butanol utilizing glucose as substrate.
C. beijerinckii BA101 is another strain of Clostridium which is hyper-butanol
producer producing 19 g/L butanol in synthetic media. Clostridia utilize various
sugars such as glucose, sucrose, xylose, etc. for production of butanol.
2 Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
61