1.8 Conclusion
Downstream processing of biofuels is a crucial step when producing biofuels.
Purification in the industry is achieved primarily through distillation. Owing to
many benefits some of which are ethanol and butanol’s great separation capabilities,
and ease of use, distillation is quiet an efficient and favorable separation practice in
industries related to bioethanol production. But, other alternative methods, such as
adsorption, pervaporation, gas stripping, and vacuum fermentation, are developed
for biofuel recovery that are more efficient in energy and also economical. The
harvesting of dilute algae crops from large crop volumes required to generate
biofuels and bioproducts is a major barrier to the commercial feasibility of algae
biofuels. Microalgal harvesting methods are very diverse, and the eventual use of the
collected biomass determines the choice of a particular system.
References
Aditiya HB, Mahlia TMI, Chong WT, Nur H, Sebayang AH (2016) Second generation bioethanol
production: a critical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 66:631–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2016.07.015
Agarwal AK (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion
engines. In: Progress in energy and combustion science. Pergamon, New York. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003
Alfafara CG, Nakano K, Nomura N, Igarashi T, Matsumura M (2002) Operating and scale-up
factors for the electrolytic removal of algae from eutrophied lakewater. J Chem Technol
Biotechnol: Int Res Process, Environ Clean Technol 77(8):871–876
Amaro HM, Guedes AC, Malcata FX (2011) Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to
produce biodiesel. Appl Energy 88(10):3402–3410
Amelio A, Van der Bruggen B, Lopresto C, Verardi A, Calabro V, Luis P (2016) Pervaporation
membrane reactors: biomass conversion into alcohols. In: Membrane technologies for
biorefining. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100451-7.00014-1
Baeyens J, Kang Q, Appels L, Dewil R, Lv Y, Tan T (2015) Challenges and opportunities in
improving the production of bio-ethanol. In: Progress in energy and combustion science.
Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.10.003
Barros AI, Gonçalves AL, Simões M, Pires JCM (2015) Harvesting techniques applied to
microalgae: a review. In: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.037
Bateni H, Saraeian A, Able C (2017) A comprehensive review on biodiesel purification and
upgrading. Biofuel Res J 4(3):668–690. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2017.4.3.5
Belyaev A, Trifonov SA, Mushtaev V (2003) Flow-merge phenomenon during pervaporation
separation of multicomponent mixtures. Chem Pet Eng 39:638–641. https://doi.org/10.1023/
B:CAPE.0000017598.09736.33
Bello RH, Linzmeyer P, Franco CMB, Souza O, Sellin N, Medeiros SHW, Marangoni C (2014)
Pervaporation of ethanol produced from banana waste. Waste Manag 34(8):1501–1509
Bharathiraja B, Jayamuthunagai J, Sudharsanaa T, Bharghavi A, Praveenkumar R,
Chakravarthy M, Devarajan Y (2017) Biobutanol—an impending biofuel for future: a review
on upstream and downstream processing techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 68:788–807.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.017
30
A. Shrivastava et al.
Downstream processing of biofuels is a crucial step when producing biofuels.
Purification in the industry is achieved primarily through distillation. Owing to
many benefits some of which are ethanol and butanol’s great separation capabilities,
and ease of use, distillation is quiet an efficient and favorable separation practice in
industries related to bioethanol production. But, other alternative methods, such as
adsorption, pervaporation, gas stripping, and vacuum fermentation, are developed
for biofuel recovery that are more efficient in energy and also economical. The
harvesting of dilute algae crops from large crop volumes required to generate
biofuels and bioproducts is a major barrier to the commercial feasibility of algae
biofuels. Microalgal harvesting methods are very diverse, and the eventual use of the
collected biomass determines the choice of a particular system.
References
Aditiya HB, Mahlia TMI, Chong WT, Nur H, Sebayang AH (2016) Second generation bioethanol
production: a critical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 66:631–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2016.07.015
Agarwal AK (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion
engines. In: Progress in energy and combustion science. Pergamon, New York. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003
Alfafara CG, Nakano K, Nomura N, Igarashi T, Matsumura M (2002) Operating and scale-up
factors for the electrolytic removal of algae from eutrophied lakewater. J Chem Technol
Biotechnol: Int Res Process, Environ Clean Technol 77(8):871–876
Amaro HM, Guedes AC, Malcata FX (2011) Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to
produce biodiesel. Appl Energy 88(10):3402–3410
Amelio A, Van der Bruggen B, Lopresto C, Verardi A, Calabro V, Luis P (2016) Pervaporation
membrane reactors: biomass conversion into alcohols. In: Membrane technologies for
biorefining. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100451-7.00014-1
Baeyens J, Kang Q, Appels L, Dewil R, Lv Y, Tan T (2015) Challenges and opportunities in
improving the production of bio-ethanol. In: Progress in energy and combustion science.
Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.10.003
Barros AI, Gonçalves AL, Simões M, Pires JCM (2015) Harvesting techniques applied to
microalgae: a review. In: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.037
Bateni H, Saraeian A, Able C (2017) A comprehensive review on biodiesel purification and
upgrading. Biofuel Res J 4(3):668–690. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2017.4.3.5
Belyaev A, Trifonov SA, Mushtaev V (2003) Flow-merge phenomenon during pervaporation
separation of multicomponent mixtures. Chem Pet Eng 39:638–641. https://doi.org/10.1023/
B:CAPE.0000017598.09736.33
Bello RH, Linzmeyer P, Franco CMB, Souza O, Sellin N, Medeiros SHW, Marangoni C (2014)
Pervaporation of ethanol produced from banana waste. Waste Manag 34(8):1501–1509
Bharathiraja B, Jayamuthunagai J, Sudharsanaa T, Bharghavi A, Praveenkumar R,
Chakravarthy M, Devarajan Y (2017) Biobutanol—an impending biofuel for future: a review
on upstream and downstream processing techniques. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 68:788–807.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.017
30
A. Shrivastava et al.