spectroscopy to issues in which raw minerals, including mineral pigments, are
involved were studied by Bersani and Lottici [92]. The special attention in this
review was devoted to studies where the Raman analysis of minerals was deeper
than an identification of the phases present in an archaeological or artistic object.
Apart from the analysis of the mineralogical composition of the paste and body of
ceramics, the identification of typomorphic [93, 94] minerals present in the body
might be applied in the provenance study of the archeological artifacts. The
provenance of archaeological vessels manufactured in late ninth and the turn of the
tenth century that were found in Gilów (southwestern Poland) was verified due to
the Raman identification of sillimanite [95]. The typomorphic mineral present in all
analyzed groups of ceramics suggested that the raw material used to manufacture
the ceramics originated from local sources. The Raman spectroscopy in the
gemology studies [96] was present since the beginning of the techniques and widely
evolved in the archeometry [97]. The possibility of the noninvasive and nondestructive investigation of the gemstones also carried out in situ without the necessity
of the transportation of very often unique and precious jewelry objects made the
Raman spectroscopy the leading tool in this field. In contrast to the present day, a
decade ago the possibility of investigations with the application of the mobile
spectrometer was quite rare. Analyses of the reliquary cross called Heinrich’s cross
dating back to the late Middle Ages (first quarter of the eleventh century) were
made directly in the museum, without the need to relocate the object [98]. The
determination of the nature of the gems generally verified the identification based
on previous optical observations, but most of the mounted materials were found to
be glass paste or quartz varieties. The mobile Raman microprobe allowed measurements of mineral surfaces as well as inclusions in the interiors of transparent
minerals during the investigations, mineralogical studies of the large collection of
minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New
Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam [99]. In recent years, several
comprehensive papers emphasizing the main aspects of the applications of Raman
spectroscopy to gemology were published [100, 101], reflecting the increasing
number of studies focused on gemstone in the CH field.
In the last decade, the analysis of the organic pigments and colorants has also
developed. One of the first reports presenting application of the Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of the colorants and lithographic inks used in the group of
posters manufactured between 1890 and 1920 was published by Centeno [102].
However, the analysis of the organic materials used in the archeological artifacts
and art usually delivers more comprehensive results when the Raman analysis is
coupled with infrared techniques like ATR and noninvasive reflectance spectroscopy, as in successful studies of various resins [103] and old varnishes [104].
Recently, the potential of portable and benchtop Raman instruments complemented
by FTIR, NIR, and GC-MS has been shown in the study of plastic materials used in
the sculptures created by Kantor belonging to the contemporary art collections of
the National Museum in Krakow [105].
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was applied to the
identification of organic pigments and dyes in artworks and archaeological objects
490
T. Łojewski and B. Łydżba-Kopczyńska
involved were studied by Bersani and Lottici [92]. The special attention in this
review was devoted to studies where the Raman analysis of minerals was deeper
than an identification of the phases present in an archaeological or artistic object.
Apart from the analysis of the mineralogical composition of the paste and body of
ceramics, the identification of typomorphic [93, 94] minerals present in the body
might be applied in the provenance study of the archeological artifacts. The
provenance of archaeological vessels manufactured in late ninth and the turn of the
tenth century that were found in Gilów (southwestern Poland) was verified due to
the Raman identification of sillimanite [95]. The typomorphic mineral present in all
analyzed groups of ceramics suggested that the raw material used to manufacture
the ceramics originated from local sources. The Raman spectroscopy in the
gemology studies [96] was present since the beginning of the techniques and widely
evolved in the archeometry [97]. The possibility of the noninvasive and nondestructive investigation of the gemstones also carried out in situ without the necessity
of the transportation of very often unique and precious jewelry objects made the
Raman spectroscopy the leading tool in this field. In contrast to the present day, a
decade ago the possibility of investigations with the application of the mobile
spectrometer was quite rare. Analyses of the reliquary cross called Heinrich’s cross
dating back to the late Middle Ages (first quarter of the eleventh century) were
made directly in the museum, without the need to relocate the object [98]. The
determination of the nature of the gems generally verified the identification based
on previous optical observations, but most of the mounted materials were found to
be glass paste or quartz varieties. The mobile Raman microprobe allowed measurements of mineral surfaces as well as inclusions in the interiors of transparent
minerals during the investigations, mineralogical studies of the large collection of
minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New
Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam [99]. In recent years, several
comprehensive papers emphasizing the main aspects of the applications of Raman
spectroscopy to gemology were published [100, 101], reflecting the increasing
number of studies focused on gemstone in the CH field.
In the last decade, the analysis of the organic pigments and colorants has also
developed. One of the first reports presenting application of the Raman spectroscopy to the analysis of the colorants and lithographic inks used in the group of
posters manufactured between 1890 and 1920 was published by Centeno [102].
However, the analysis of the organic materials used in the archeological artifacts
and art usually delivers more comprehensive results when the Raman analysis is
coupled with infrared techniques like ATR and noninvasive reflectance spectroscopy, as in successful studies of various resins [103] and old varnishes [104].
Recently, the potential of portable and benchtop Raman instruments complemented
by FTIR, NIR, and GC-MS has been shown in the study of plastic materials used in
the sculptures created by Kantor belonging to the contemporary art collections of
the National Museum in Krakow [105].
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was applied to the
identification of organic pigments and dyes in artworks and archaeological objects
490
T. Łojewski and B. Łydżba-Kopczyńska