2.5 Water Loss of Flows and Systems
21
For example, assuming that W bI = W bR = 1, then TUF b = C. In other words, for d
= b, TUF b becomes the difference between beneficial Inflow and beneficial Return,
which at the limit equals to Consumption. This emphasizes the importance of the
notion of differentials that is an integral part of this book.
As to its naming, TUF has a portion of Inflow, Return, and Consumption, which
makes it a difficult term to name. For example, Keller and Keller (1995), the first
to recognize its importance, probably knew of the difficulty because they called it
“effective use” and in the next line “effectively consumed”, without defining the
word effective. In the original formulation of Sefficiency (Haie and Keller 2012) and
subsequent publications, we maintained that terminology (i.e., effective consumption), however later realised that it is composed of consumptive, non-consumptive,
desirables, and Water Losses, and cannot be simply called “effective consumption”
whatever the meaning of the word effective. Another example is related to the fact
that TUF d may include water quality/pollution (see FIW2, Chapter 3). The existence
of such a concept may had been evident to many experts but they had difficulty to
find its expression, let alone naming it properly. Within this context, many experts
and global organisations merely included pollution into the concept of consumption without considering in their calculations, which created much confusion (Haie
and Keller 2014) including institutional fragmentation by ‘outsourcing’ pollution
problems to a completely separate department or entity within a government.
Finally, let us repeat for clarification the differences between desirables, WL and
TUF. Desirables are flow (WPI) features along quality, benefit and usefulness, but
WL and TUF are system (WUS) features. It is easy to recognise from Eq. (2.5) that
TUF d (> WL d ) is a generalised form of WL, because TUF considers differentials,
distinguishes between revenue and non-revenue flows, and can include pollution.
References
ASCE-EWRI (2005) The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation. American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA
Cambridge Dictionary (2018) Use. [Online]. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictio
nary/english/use#dataset-cacd. Accessed 24 Oct 2018
FAO (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Haie N, Keller A (2012) Macro, meso, and micro-efficiencies in water resources management: a
new framework using water balance. J Am Water Resour Assoc (JAWRA) 48(2):235–243
Haie N, Keller A (2014) Macro, Meso, and Micro-efficiencies and terminologies in water resources
management: a look at urban and agricultural differences. Water Int 39(1):35–48
Haie N (2020) My Google website. [Online]. Available at: https://sites.google.com/view/naimhaie5.
Accessed 13 April 2020
Haie N, Pereira R, Yen H (2018) An introduction to the hyperspace of Hargreaves-Samani Reference
evapotranspiration. Sustainability 10(11):1–18
Haie N, Pereira R, Machado G, Shahidian S (2019) An introduction to the hyperspace of PenmanMonteith Reference evapotranspiration. Int J Hydrol Sci Technol 9(1):48–64
Keller A, Keller J (1995) Effective efficiency: a water use efficiency concept for allocating freshwater
resources. Winrock International, Arlington, Virginia
21
For example, assuming that W bI = W bR = 1, then TUF b = C. In other words, for d
= b, TUF b becomes the difference between beneficial Inflow and beneficial Return,
which at the limit equals to Consumption. This emphasizes the importance of the
notion of differentials that is an integral part of this book.
As to its naming, TUF has a portion of Inflow, Return, and Consumption, which
makes it a difficult term to name. For example, Keller and Keller (1995), the first
to recognize its importance, probably knew of the difficulty because they called it
“effective use” and in the next line “effectively consumed”, without defining the
word effective. In the original formulation of Sefficiency (Haie and Keller 2012) and
subsequent publications, we maintained that terminology (i.e., effective consumption), however later realised that it is composed of consumptive, non-consumptive,
desirables, and Water Losses, and cannot be simply called “effective consumption”
whatever the meaning of the word effective. Another example is related to the fact
that TUF d may include water quality/pollution (see FIW2, Chapter 3). The existence
of such a concept may had been evident to many experts but they had difficulty to
find its expression, let alone naming it properly. Within this context, many experts
and global organisations merely included pollution into the concept of consumption without considering in their calculations, which created much confusion (Haie
and Keller 2014) including institutional fragmentation by ‘outsourcing’ pollution
problems to a completely separate department or entity within a government.
Finally, let us repeat for clarification the differences between desirables, WL and
TUF. Desirables are flow (WPI) features along quality, benefit and usefulness, but
WL and TUF are system (WUS) features. It is easy to recognise from Eq. (2.5) that
TUF d (> WL d ) is a generalised form of WL, because TUF considers differentials,
distinguishes between revenue and non-revenue flows, and can include pollution.
References
ASCE-EWRI (2005) The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation. American
Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, USA
Cambridge Dictionary (2018) Use. [Online]. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictio
nary/english/use#dataset-cacd. Accessed 24 Oct 2018
FAO (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Haie N, Keller A (2012) Macro, meso, and micro-efficiencies in water resources management: a
new framework using water balance. J Am Water Resour Assoc (JAWRA) 48(2):235–243
Haie N, Keller A (2014) Macro, Meso, and Micro-efficiencies and terminologies in water resources
management: a look at urban and agricultural differences. Water Int 39(1):35–48
Haie N (2020) My Google website. [Online]. Available at: https://sites.google.com/view/naimhaie5.
Accessed 13 April 2020
Haie N, Pereira R, Yen H (2018) An introduction to the hyperspace of Hargreaves-Samani Reference
evapotranspiration. Sustainability 10(11):1–18
Haie N, Pereira R, Machado G, Shahidian S (2019) An introduction to the hyperspace of PenmanMonteith Reference evapotranspiration. Int J Hydrol Sci Technol 9(1):48–64
Keller A, Keller J (1995) Effective efficiency: a water use efficiency concept for allocating freshwater
resources. Winrock International, Arlington, Virginia