best locations for minimising the rate of false alarms and that, as the number of
pressure sensors in the DMA increases, the rate of false alarms increases, thus
exacerbating the problem; Steffelbauer and Fuchs-Hanusch [78] stated that pressure
sensor locations that are sensitive to leaks/bursts are also likely to be locations that
are most sensitive to demand variations and, hence, not ideal locations to place
sensors at. Mounce et al. [14] also reported that flow signals are much more reliable
Table 4 Main characteristics of selected publications – details of the case study network(s) and
methodology validation through field trials
Case study network(s)
Field validation
Farley et al. [30]
2Â real-life:
Dendritic UK DMA – 260 nodes
Looped UK DMA – 86 nodes
No
Farley et al. [11]
14Â real-life:
UK DMAs – 204–1,091 nodes; ~6.3–36 km of pipes
Yes – simulated
bursts in 3 DMAs
Pérez et al. [31]
Real-life: Placa del Diamant, Barcelona WDS, Spain
– 1,600 nodes; ~41 km of pipes
No
Casillas et al. [39]
Synthetic: Hanoi, Vietnam – 31 nodes; 34 pipes
Real-life: Limassol, Cyprus – 197 nodes; 239 pipes
No
Sarrate et al. [42]
Real-life: DMA, Barcelona WDS, Spain – 883 nodes
(31 considered as possible sensor locations);
927 pipes; ~17.4 km of pipes
No
Sarrate et al. [44]
Real-life: DMA, Barcelona WDS, Spain – 883 nodes
(311 considered as possible sensor locations,
31 clusters); 927 pipes; ~17.4 km of pipes
No
Wu and Song [49]
2Â real-life:
UK DMA – 1,321 pipes
United Arab Emirates – 86 pipes
No
Hagos et al. [52]
Synthetic: modified Austin – 125 nodes; 90 pipes
No
Huang et al. [57]
Real-life: DMA – 77 nodes; 108 pipes
No
Candelieri et al.
[59]
Real-life: Timisoara, Romania – 335 nodes; ~4 km of
pipes
No
Boatwright et al.
[63]
Synthetic: Bakryan – 35 nodes; 58 pipes; ~102 km of
pipes
No
Blesa et al. [73]
Synthetic: small benchmark – 12 nodes; 17 pipes;
~102 km of pipes
Real-life: DMA, Barcelona WDS, Spain – 883 nodes
(311 considered as possible sensor locations,
25 clusters); 927 pipes; ~17.4 km of pipes
No
Casillas et al. [75]
Synthetic: Hanoi, Vietnam – 31 nodes; 34 pipes
Real-life: Limassol, Cyprus – 197 nodes; 239 pipes
No
Steffelbauer and
Fuchs-Hanusch
[78]
Real-life: DMA – 392 nodes; 452 pipes; ~37 km of
pipes
No
Puleo et al. [80]
Synthetic: Apulian – 23 nodes; 34 pipes
No
Raei et al. [84]
Synthetic: C-town – 388 nodes; 429 pipes
No
Forconi et al. [83]
Real-life: E023 DMA, Harrogate, Yorkshire, UK –
448 nodes (291 considered as possible sensor locations); 468 pipes; ~16 km of pipes
No
50
M. Romano