54
Similarly, while much early research focused on a limited number of photoautotrophs in the warmer surface ocean, we now know marine diazotrophs to be much
more diverse and to employ multiple physiological strategies including chemoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy and photoheterotrophy to support N 2 fixation.
Better assessing the quantitative role of our expanded understanding of where,
by whom and how diazotrophy occurs in the sea is the challenge for the coming years.
References
Bednarz, V. N., Cardini, U., van Hoytema, N., Al-Rshaidat, M. M., & Wild, C. (2015). Seasonal
variation in dinitrogen fixation and oxygen fluxes associated with two dominant zooxanthellate
soft corals from the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 519, 141–152.
Benavides, M., Moisander, P. H., Berthelot, H., Dittmar, T., Grosso, O., et al. (2015). Mesopelagic
N 2 fixation related to organic matter composition in the Solomon and Bismarck seas (Southwest
Pacific). PLoS One, 10(12), e0143775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143775.
Benavides, M., Bonnet, S., Hernández, N., Martínez-Pérez, A. M., Nieto-Cid, M., et al. (2016).
Basin-wide N 2 fixation in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 30(6), 952–961.
Benavides, M., Bednarz, V. N., & Ferrier-Pagès, C. (2017). Diazotrophs: Overlooked key players
within the coral symbiosis and tropical reef ecosystems? Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(10).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00010.
Benavides, M., Bonnet, S., Berman-Frank, I., & Riemann, L. (2018). Deep into oceanic N 2 fixation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 108.
Bench, S. R., Ilikchyan, I. N., Tripp, H. J., & Zehr, J. P. (2011). Two strains of Crocosphaera watsonii with highly conserved genomes are distinguished by strain-specific features. Frontiers in
Microbiology, 2, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00261.
Bench, S. R., Heller, P., Frank, I. E., & Arciniega, M. (2013). Whole genome comparison of
six Crocosphaera watsonii strains with differing phenotypes. Journal of Phycology, 49(4),
786–801.
Bench, S. R., Frank, I., Robidart, J., & Zehr, J. P. (2016). Two subpopulations of Crocosphaera watsonii have distinct distributions in the North and South Pacific. Environmental Microbiology,
18(2), 514–524.
Bentzon-Tilia, M., Traving, S. J., Mantikci, M., Knudsen-Leerbeck, H., Hansen, J. L., et al. (2015).
Significant N 2 fixation by heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterocystous cyanobacteria in
two temperate estuaries. The ISME Journal, 9(2), 273.
Bertics, V. J., Sohm, J. A., Treude, T., Chow, C. E. T., Capone, D. G., et al. (2010). Burrowing
deeper into benthic nitrogen cycling: The impact of bioturbation on nitrogen fixation coupled
to sulfate reduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 409, 1–15.
Bertics, V. J., Löscher, C., Salonen, I., Dale, A. W., Gier, J., et al. (2013). Occurrence of benthic
microbial nitrogen fixation coupled to sulfate reduction in the seasonally hypoxic Eckernförde
Bay, Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences, 10(3), 1243–1258.
Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C. J., Rickert, D., Widdel, F., et al. (2000). A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407(6804), 623.
Bonnet, S., Dekaezemacker, J., Turk-Kubo, K. A., Moutin, T., Hamersley, R. M., et al. (2013).
Aphotic N 2 fixation in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean. PLoS One, 8(12), e81265.
Breitbarth, E., Oschlies, A., & LaRoche, J. (2007). Physiological constraints on the global distribution of Trichodesmium – Effect of temperature on diazotrophy. Biogeosciences, 4(1), 61–53.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg- 4- 53- 2007.
4 Microorganisms and Habitats
Similarly, while much early research focused on a limited number of photoautotrophs in the warmer surface ocean, we now know marine diazotrophs to be much
more diverse and to employ multiple physiological strategies including chemoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy and photoheterotrophy to support N 2 fixation.
Better assessing the quantitative role of our expanded understanding of where,
by whom and how diazotrophy occurs in the sea is the challenge for the coming years.
References
Bednarz, V. N., Cardini, U., van Hoytema, N., Al-Rshaidat, M. M., & Wild, C. (2015). Seasonal
variation in dinitrogen fixation and oxygen fluxes associated with two dominant zooxanthellate
soft corals from the northern Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 519, 141–152.
Benavides, M., Moisander, P. H., Berthelot, H., Dittmar, T., Grosso, O., et al. (2015). Mesopelagic
N 2 fixation related to organic matter composition in the Solomon and Bismarck seas (Southwest
Pacific). PLoS One, 10(12), e0143775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143775.
Benavides, M., Bonnet, S., Hernández, N., Martínez-Pérez, A. M., Nieto-Cid, M., et al. (2016).
Basin-wide N 2 fixation in the deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 30(6), 952–961.
Benavides, M., Bednarz, V. N., & Ferrier-Pagès, C. (2017). Diazotrophs: Overlooked key players
within the coral symbiosis and tropical reef ecosystems? Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(10).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00010.
Benavides, M., Bonnet, S., Berman-Frank, I., & Riemann, L. (2018). Deep into oceanic N 2 fixation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 108.
Bench, S. R., Ilikchyan, I. N., Tripp, H. J., & Zehr, J. P. (2011). Two strains of Crocosphaera watsonii with highly conserved genomes are distinguished by strain-specific features. Frontiers in
Microbiology, 2, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00261.
Bench, S. R., Heller, P., Frank, I. E., & Arciniega, M. (2013). Whole genome comparison of
six Crocosphaera watsonii strains with differing phenotypes. Journal of Phycology, 49(4),
786–801.
Bench, S. R., Frank, I., Robidart, J., & Zehr, J. P. (2016). Two subpopulations of Crocosphaera watsonii have distinct distributions in the North and South Pacific. Environmental Microbiology,
18(2), 514–524.
Bentzon-Tilia, M., Traving, S. J., Mantikci, M., Knudsen-Leerbeck, H., Hansen, J. L., et al. (2015).
Significant N 2 fixation by heterotrophs, photoheterotrophs and heterocystous cyanobacteria in
two temperate estuaries. The ISME Journal, 9(2), 273.
Bertics, V. J., Sohm, J. A., Treude, T., Chow, C. E. T., Capone, D. G., et al. (2010). Burrowing
deeper into benthic nitrogen cycling: The impact of bioturbation on nitrogen fixation coupled
to sulfate reduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 409, 1–15.
Bertics, V. J., Löscher, C., Salonen, I., Dale, A. W., Gier, J., et al. (2013). Occurrence of benthic
microbial nitrogen fixation coupled to sulfate reduction in the seasonally hypoxic Eckernförde
Bay, Baltic Sea. Biogeosciences, 10(3), 1243–1258.
Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C. J., Rickert, D., Widdel, F., et al. (2000). A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407(6804), 623.
Bonnet, S., Dekaezemacker, J., Turk-Kubo, K. A., Moutin, T., Hamersley, R. M., et al. (2013).
Aphotic N 2 fixation in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean. PLoS One, 8(12), e81265.
Breitbarth, E., Oschlies, A., & LaRoche, J. (2007). Physiological constraints on the global distribution of Trichodesmium – Effect of temperature on diazotrophy. Biogeosciences, 4(1), 61–53.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg- 4- 53- 2007.
4 Microorganisms and Habitats