38
Beijerinck, M. W. (1888). Die bacterien der papilionaceenknöllchen. Botanische Zeitung, 46(46),
725–735.
Benecke, W., & Keutner, J. (1903). Ueber stickstoffbindende Bakterien aus der Ostsee.
Bergman, B., & Carpenter, E. J. (1991). Nitrogenase confined to randomly distributed trichomes
in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii (Cyanophyta). Journal of Phycology,
27, 158–165.
Blasco, D., MacIsaac, J., Packard, T., & Dugdale, R. (1984). Relationship between nitrate
reductase and nitrate uptake in phytoplankton in the Peru upwelling region. Limnology and
Oceanography, 29(2), 275–286.
Bunt, J., Cooksey, K., Heeb, M., Lee, C., & Taylor, B. (1970). Assay of algal nitrogen fixation in
the marine subtropics by acetylene reduction. Nature, 227(5263), 1163–1164.
Capone, D. G., & Carpenter, E. J. (1982). Nitrogen fixation in the marine environment. Science,
217, 1140–1142.
Capone, D. G., & Taylor, B. F. (1977). Nitrogen-fixation (acetylene-reduction) in the phyllosphere
of Thalassia testudinum. Marine Biology, 40, 19–28.
Capone, D. G., Taylor, D. L., & Taylor, B. F. (1977). Nitrogen-fixation (Acetylene-Reduction)
associated with macroalgae in a coral reef community in the Bahamas. Marine Biology, 40,
29–32.
Carpenter, E. J. (1973). Nitrogen fixation by Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii in the southwestern Sargasso Sea. Deep Sea Research, 20, 285–288.
Carpenter, E. J., & McCarthy, J. J. (1975). Nitrogen fixation and uptake of combined nitrogenous
nutrients by Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii in the western Sargasso Sea. Limnology
and Oceanography, 20, 389–401.
Carpenter, E. J., & Price, C. C. (1976). Marine Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium): Explanation for
aerobic nitrogen fixation without heterocysts. Science, 191, 1278–1280.
Carpenter, E., Remsen, C. C., & Watson, S. W. (1972). Utilization of urea by some marine phytoplankters. Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 265–269.
Carpenter, E. J., Van Raalte, C. D., & Valiela, I. (1978). Nitrogen fixation by algae in a Massachusetts
salt marsh. Limnology and Oceanography, 23, 318–327.
Cleveland, C. C., Townsend, A. R., Schimel, D. S., Fisher, H., Howarth, R. W., et al. (1999).
Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation in natural ecosystems. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles, 13(2), 623–645.
Codispoti, L. A. (1995). Is the ocean losing nitrate? Nature, 376, 724.
Cooper, L. (1937). On the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in the sea. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 22, 177–182.
Cornejo-Castillo, F. M., & Zehr, J. P. (2019). Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation in the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 116(37), 18269–18271. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908165116.
Cushing, D. (1971). Upwelling and the production of fish. In Advances in marine biology (Vol. 9,
pp. 255–334). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cushing, D. H. (1975). Marine ecology and fisheries. Cambridge: CUP Archive.
Darwin, C. (1889). Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries
Visited During the Voyage of HMS “Beagle” Round the World, Under the Command of Capt.
Fitz Roy. London: Ward, Lock and Company.
Dugdale, R. (1967). Nutrient limitation in the sea: Dynamics, identification and significance.
Limnology and Oceanography, 12, 685–695.
Dugdale, R. C., & Goering, J. J. (1967). Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnology and Oceanography, 12, 196–206.
Dugdale, R. C., Menzel, D. W., & Ryther, J. H. (1961). Nitrogen fixation in the Sargasso sea. Deep
Sea Research, 7, 298–300.
Dugdale, R. C., Goering, J. J., & Ryther, J. H. (1964). High nitrogen fixation rates in the Sargasso
sea and Arabian sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 9, 507–510.
Dworkin, M., & Gutnick, D. (2012). Sergei Winogradsky: A founder of modern microbiology and
the first microbial ecologist. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 364–379.
3 History of Research on Marine N 2 Fixation
Beijerinck, M. W. (1888). Die bacterien der papilionaceenknöllchen. Botanische Zeitung, 46(46),
725–735.
Benecke, W., & Keutner, J. (1903). Ueber stickstoffbindende Bakterien aus der Ostsee.
Bergman, B., & Carpenter, E. J. (1991). Nitrogenase confined to randomly distributed trichomes
in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii (Cyanophyta). Journal of Phycology,
27, 158–165.
Blasco, D., MacIsaac, J., Packard, T., & Dugdale, R. (1984). Relationship between nitrate
reductase and nitrate uptake in phytoplankton in the Peru upwelling region. Limnology and
Oceanography, 29(2), 275–286.
Bunt, J., Cooksey, K., Heeb, M., Lee, C., & Taylor, B. (1970). Assay of algal nitrogen fixation in
the marine subtropics by acetylene reduction. Nature, 227(5263), 1163–1164.
Capone, D. G., & Carpenter, E. J. (1982). Nitrogen fixation in the marine environment. Science,
217, 1140–1142.
Capone, D. G., & Taylor, B. F. (1977). Nitrogen-fixation (acetylene-reduction) in the phyllosphere
of Thalassia testudinum. Marine Biology, 40, 19–28.
Capone, D. G., Taylor, D. L., & Taylor, B. F. (1977). Nitrogen-fixation (Acetylene-Reduction)
associated with macroalgae in a coral reef community in the Bahamas. Marine Biology, 40,
29–32.
Carpenter, E. J. (1973). Nitrogen fixation by Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii in the southwestern Sargasso Sea. Deep Sea Research, 20, 285–288.
Carpenter, E. J., & McCarthy, J. J. (1975). Nitrogen fixation and uptake of combined nitrogenous
nutrients by Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii in the western Sargasso Sea. Limnology
and Oceanography, 20, 389–401.
Carpenter, E. J., & Price, C. C. (1976). Marine Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium): Explanation for
aerobic nitrogen fixation without heterocysts. Science, 191, 1278–1280.
Carpenter, E., Remsen, C. C., & Watson, S. W. (1972). Utilization of urea by some marine phytoplankters. Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 265–269.
Carpenter, E. J., Van Raalte, C. D., & Valiela, I. (1978). Nitrogen fixation by algae in a Massachusetts
salt marsh. Limnology and Oceanography, 23, 318–327.
Cleveland, C. C., Townsend, A. R., Schimel, D. S., Fisher, H., Howarth, R. W., et al. (1999).
Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation in natural ecosystems. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles, 13(2), 623–645.
Codispoti, L. A. (1995). Is the ocean losing nitrate? Nature, 376, 724.
Cooper, L. (1937). On the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in the sea. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 22, 177–182.
Cornejo-Castillo, F. M., & Zehr, J. P. (2019). Hopanoid lipids may facilitate aerobic nitrogen fixation in the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 116(37), 18269–18271. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908165116.
Cushing, D. (1971). Upwelling and the production of fish. In Advances in marine biology (Vol. 9,
pp. 255–334). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cushing, D. H. (1975). Marine ecology and fisheries. Cambridge: CUP Archive.
Darwin, C. (1889). Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries
Visited During the Voyage of HMS “Beagle” Round the World, Under the Command of Capt.
Fitz Roy. London: Ward, Lock and Company.
Dugdale, R. (1967). Nutrient limitation in the sea: Dynamics, identification and significance.
Limnology and Oceanography, 12, 685–695.
Dugdale, R. C., & Goering, J. J. (1967). Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnology and Oceanography, 12, 196–206.
Dugdale, R. C., Menzel, D. W., & Ryther, J. H. (1961). Nitrogen fixation in the Sargasso sea. Deep
Sea Research, 7, 298–300.
Dugdale, R. C., Goering, J. J., & Ryther, J. H. (1964). High nitrogen fixation rates in the Sargasso
sea and Arabian sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 9, 507–510.
Dworkin, M., & Gutnick, D. (2012). Sergei Winogradsky: A founder of modern microbiology and
the first microbial ecologist. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36(2), 364–379.
3 History of Research on Marine N 2 Fixation