185
N 2 fixation
benthic marine environments, 36
biogeochemical cycle, 171
biogeography, 117–132
biotechnology, 162–163
cellular regulation, 21–24
challenges, 163, 164
denitrification, 79
elemental cycle, 1
environmental changes on species, 159–160
environmental factors, 95–97
eukaryotes, 9
experimental and observational
formats, 82, 83
factors, 176–177
fundamentals, 172
heterotrophic inputs, 150
history, 31–37, 173
large-scale shifts, 161
light, 99
marine (see Marine N 2 fixation)
marine aquaculture, 162–163
measurements, 174–176
microbial populations, 157
microbiology, 9
microorganisms, 173, 174
N* parameter, 146, 147
N 2 -fixers, 63
nitrogenases (see also Nitrogenases)
nutrients, 100–103
ocean basins, 178, 179 (see also
Ocean basins)
oxygen, 95–99
qPCR, 76
reactions, 11–15
RT-qPCR, 76
salinity, 104
temperature, 100
uncultivated symbiotic cyanobacteria, 157
variables, 123
water column, 34–36
N 2 -fixers, 63, 75, 76, 126
nif genes, 13, 19
nifHDK genes, 23
nifH genes, 49
Nitrification, 5
Nitrogenases, 13, 16
acetylene, 69
cellular regulation, 21–24
chemical reactions, 11–15
gene phylogeny, 14
genes, 172
microorganisms, 17
regulation, 22
subunits, 12
Nitrogen (N) cycle, 3, 31
feedbacks, 146–148
Nitrogen (N) fixation
aquatic environments, 5, 6
C cycling, 2
in environment, 2
global N cycle, 2
N cycle, 3
reactions, 11–15
terrestrial environments, 5, 6
Nodularia, 43, 45, 160
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs),
125, 129–131
Non-structural nif genes, 18–21
Nostoc, 160
N* parameter, 146, 147
15
N 2 tracer, 71–74
Nutrient limitation geography,
121–122
Nutrients, 100–103, 118
Nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton
(NPZ) model, 36
O
Ocean basins, 178, 179
anaerobic ammonia oxidation, 143
basin-scale rates, 145
benthic habitats, 143
global N 2 fixation rates, 143
integrated rates, 143
N cycle feedbacks, 146–148
ratios, 146–148
relationships, 146–148
Ocean fertilization, 162
ODZs, see Oxygen deficient zones
(ODZs)
Oligotrophic oceans, 124–127
O 2 metabolism, 17
Oxygen, 95–99
Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs), 49–50, 118,
143, 157, 159
P
Pelagic studies, 148–150
pH, 104–105
Phosphorus (P), 101
Photoautotrophs, 99
Photosynthesis, 118
Plankton, 32
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 175
Project Symbiosis, 37
Protein assembly, 18–21
Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM), 127
Index
N 2 fixation
benthic marine environments, 36
biogeochemical cycle, 171
biogeography, 117–132
biotechnology, 162–163
cellular regulation, 21–24
challenges, 163, 164
denitrification, 79
elemental cycle, 1
environmental changes on species, 159–160
environmental factors, 95–97
eukaryotes, 9
experimental and observational
formats, 82, 83
factors, 176–177
fundamentals, 172
heterotrophic inputs, 150
history, 31–37, 173
large-scale shifts, 161
light, 99
marine (see Marine N 2 fixation)
marine aquaculture, 162–163
measurements, 174–176
microbial populations, 157
microbiology, 9
microorganisms, 173, 174
N* parameter, 146, 147
N 2 -fixers, 63
nitrogenases (see also Nitrogenases)
nutrients, 100–103
ocean basins, 178, 179 (see also
Ocean basins)
oxygen, 95–99
qPCR, 76
reactions, 11–15
RT-qPCR, 76
salinity, 104
temperature, 100
uncultivated symbiotic cyanobacteria, 157
variables, 123
water column, 34–36
N 2 -fixers, 63, 75, 76, 126
nif genes, 13, 19
nifHDK genes, 23
nifH genes, 49
Nitrification, 5
Nitrogenases, 13, 16
acetylene, 69
cellular regulation, 21–24
chemical reactions, 11–15
gene phylogeny, 14
genes, 172
microorganisms, 17
regulation, 22
subunits, 12
Nitrogen (N) cycle, 3, 31
feedbacks, 146–148
Nitrogen (N) fixation
aquatic environments, 5, 6
C cycling, 2
in environment, 2
global N cycle, 2
N cycle, 3
reactions, 11–15
terrestrial environments, 5, 6
Nodularia, 43, 45, 160
Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs),
125, 129–131
Non-structural nif genes, 18–21
Nostoc, 160
N* parameter, 146, 147
15
N 2 tracer, 71–74
Nutrient limitation geography,
121–122
Nutrients, 100–103, 118
Nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton
(NPZ) model, 36
O
Ocean basins, 178, 179
anaerobic ammonia oxidation, 143
basin-scale rates, 145
benthic habitats, 143
global N 2 fixation rates, 143
integrated rates, 143
N cycle feedbacks, 146–148
ratios, 146–148
relationships, 146–148
Ocean fertilization, 162
ODZs, see Oxygen deficient zones
(ODZs)
Oligotrophic oceans, 124–127
O 2 metabolism, 17
Oxygen, 95–99
Oxygen deficient zones (ODZs), 49–50, 118,
143, 157, 159
P
Pelagic studies, 148–150
pH, 104–105
Phosphorus (P), 101
Photoautotrophs, 99
Photosynthesis, 118
Plankton, 32
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 175
Project Symbiosis, 37
Protein assembly, 18–21
Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM), 127
Index