158
Table 9.1 Potential factors perturbing marine N 2 -fixing populations
Type
Source or control
Perturbations
References
Physical
Temperature
Solar radiation
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification
Yamaguchi and Suga
(2019), Gruber (2011)
Light
Solar radiation
Coastal development
& turbidity, surface
blooms, stratification,
upwelling, clouds
Marinov et al. (2010),
Neale and Thomas
(2016), Boyd et al.
(2016), Poloczanska
et al. (2016)
Turbulence
Wind, currents,
upwelling, tides,
advection
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification
Bakun (1990),
Rykaczewski and
Checkley (2008)
Chemical
Oxygen
Equilibrium with
atmosphere,
photosynthesis,
respiration
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification,
eutrophication
Gruber (2011),
Hutchins et al. (2013),
Breitburg et al. (2018),
Stramma et al. (2008)
CO 2
Carbonate equilibrium,
equilibrium with
atmosphere,
decomposition of
organic matter
Atmospheric CO 2
increases
Jiang et al. (2019),
Hutchins and Fu
(2017)
pH
H
+
, bicarbonate
equilibrium with
atmosphere CO 2
Secular decrease with
increasing DIC
Gruber (2011), Feely
et al. (2008)
Inorganic
nutrients (NO 3
-
,
PO 4
-3 , NH4,
SiO 4
-4
)
Agricultural runoff,
sewage discharge,
atmospheric deposition
Eutrophication,
sewage discharge,
agricultural runoff
Jickells et al. (2017),
Kim et al. (2009,
2014), Krishnamurthy
et al. (2010)
Required
metals (Fe, Ni,
Mo)
Terrestrial runoff,
atmospheric depositon,
industrial discharge,
hydrothermal vents &
mixing
Terrestrial runoff and
discharge,
atmospheric
deposition
Krishnamurthy et al.
(2009), Jickells et al.
(2005)
Toxic metals
(e.g. Cu, Hg,
Pb)
Terrestrial runoff,
atmospheric depositon,
industrial discharge
Terrestrial runoff and
discharge,
atmospheric
deposition
Lopez et al. (2019)
Organics
Photosynthesis,
discharge from land,
sewage
Increasing
heterotrophy, O 2
consumption
Bauer et al. (2013)
Plastics
Discharge from land
Decreasing particle
surface area, toxicity
Rochman (2018)
Biological
Harmful Algal
Blooms
(HABS)
Nutrients, warming,
CO 2 enrichment
Decreasing light
penetration, toxicity
O’Neil et al. (2012),
Paerl et al. (2018),
Wurtsbaugh et al.
(2019), Gobler (2020)
9 Marine N 2 Fixation, Global Change and the Future
Table 9.1 Potential factors perturbing marine N 2 -fixing populations
Type
Source or control
Perturbations
References
Physical
Temperature
Solar radiation
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification
Yamaguchi and Suga
(2019), Gruber (2011)
Light
Solar radiation
Coastal development
& turbidity, surface
blooms, stratification,
upwelling, clouds
Marinov et al. (2010),
Neale and Thomas
(2016), Boyd et al.
(2016), Poloczanska
et al. (2016)
Turbulence
Wind, currents,
upwelling, tides,
advection
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification
Bakun (1990),
Rykaczewski and
Checkley (2008)
Chemical
Oxygen
Equilibrium with
atmosphere,
photosynthesis,
respiration
Ocean warming &
increased
stratification,
eutrophication
Gruber (2011),
Hutchins et al. (2013),
Breitburg et al. (2018),
Stramma et al. (2008)
CO 2
Carbonate equilibrium,
equilibrium with
atmosphere,
decomposition of
organic matter
Atmospheric CO 2
increases
Jiang et al. (2019),
Hutchins and Fu
(2017)
pH
H
+
, bicarbonate
equilibrium with
atmosphere CO 2
Secular decrease with
increasing DIC
Gruber (2011), Feely
et al. (2008)
Inorganic
nutrients (NO 3
-
,
PO 4
-3 , NH4,
SiO 4
-4
)
Agricultural runoff,
sewage discharge,
atmospheric deposition
Eutrophication,
sewage discharge,
agricultural runoff
Jickells et al. (2017),
Kim et al. (2009,
2014), Krishnamurthy
et al. (2010)
Required
metals (Fe, Ni,
Mo)
Terrestrial runoff,
atmospheric depositon,
industrial discharge,
hydrothermal vents &
mixing
Terrestrial runoff and
discharge,
atmospheric
deposition
Krishnamurthy et al.
(2009), Jickells et al.
(2005)
Toxic metals
(e.g. Cu, Hg,
Pb)
Terrestrial runoff,
atmospheric depositon,
industrial discharge
Terrestrial runoff and
discharge,
atmospheric
deposition
Lopez et al. (2019)
Organics
Photosynthesis,
discharge from land,
sewage
Increasing
heterotrophy, O 2
consumption
Bauer et al. (2013)
Plastics
Discharge from land
Decreasing particle
surface area, toxicity
Rochman (2018)
Biological
Harmful Algal
Blooms
(HABS)
Nutrients, warming,
CO 2 enrichment
Decreasing light
penetration, toxicity
O’Neil et al. (2012),
Paerl et al. (2018),
Wurtsbaugh et al.
(2019), Gobler (2020)
9 Marine N 2 Fixation, Global Change and the Future