in all dietary assessment questionnaires it is useful to include other
general interest data to facilitate the proper interpretation of results
(i.e., age, weight, height) and it is preferable to make these measurements in situ rather than to depend on participant responses.
3.7 Data Analysis
and Interpretation
of Results
Data analysis should be done based on the main expected outcome.
The interpretation of results assesses the strength of the effect,
alternative explanations such as sampling variation or bias. Interpretation of the results obtained from single or multiple carotenoid
intake (short- or long-term studies) is different since they are
interpreted in terms of postprandial response/metabolism and of
repletion and/or saturation processes, respectively (>1 week)
[27]. The degree to which results can be generalized will depend
on the representativeness of the sample, statistical accuracy and
sensitivity, and whether the study is affected by bias (in the selection
of subjects, measurement errors, etc.).
4 Notes
1. When designing effective nutritional intervention programs it
is essential to know the bioavailability of each carotenoid from
the different types of food sources and from fortified foods.
2. Radioisotope-labeled carotenoids were used but can no longer
be used for ethical reasons [28].
3. Foods may also be selected based on the classification of the
carotenoid content in fruits and vegetables proposed by Britton
and Khachik [29] in four levels, from low (0–0.1 mg/100 g) to
very high (>2 mg/100 g).
4. Not all insurance companies offer this type of insurance.
5. Cochrane https://community.cochrane.org/mecir-manual/
standards-conduct-new-cochrane-intervention-reviews-c1c75/performing-review-c24-75. In addition, Cochrane provides search strategies to identify randomized trials in PubMed
because not all randomized trials are indexed as RCTs: https://
work.cochrane.org/pubmed
6. One must bear in mind that in many cases isolated components
may influence different results while in others a single result can
be influenced by several components.
7. Randomization is used to ensure that the intervention and
control groups are similar in all aspects (including distribution
of potential confounding factors except the one being tested),
although some confounding variables may emerge randomly.
8. Criteria to be assessed by food studies to obtain a nutrition/
health claim should include consistency, strength, quality,
370
Begon ˜ a Olmedilla-Alonso
general interest data to facilitate the proper interpretation of results
(i.e., age, weight, height) and it is preferable to make these measurements in situ rather than to depend on participant responses.
3.7 Data Analysis
and Interpretation
of Results
Data analysis should be done based on the main expected outcome.
The interpretation of results assesses the strength of the effect,
alternative explanations such as sampling variation or bias. Interpretation of the results obtained from single or multiple carotenoid
intake (short- or long-term studies) is different since they are
interpreted in terms of postprandial response/metabolism and of
repletion and/or saturation processes, respectively (>1 week)
[27]. The degree to which results can be generalized will depend
on the representativeness of the sample, statistical accuracy and
sensitivity, and whether the study is affected by bias (in the selection
of subjects, measurement errors, etc.).
4 Notes
1. When designing effective nutritional intervention programs it
is essential to know the bioavailability of each carotenoid from
the different types of food sources and from fortified foods.
2. Radioisotope-labeled carotenoids were used but can no longer
be used for ethical reasons [28].
3. Foods may also be selected based on the classification of the
carotenoid content in fruits and vegetables proposed by Britton
and Khachik [29] in four levels, from low (0–0.1 mg/100 g) to
very high (>2 mg/100 g).
4. Not all insurance companies offer this type of insurance.
5. Cochrane https://community.cochrane.org/mecir-manual/
standards-conduct-new-cochrane-intervention-reviews-c1c75/performing-review-c24-75. In addition, Cochrane provides search strategies to identify randomized trials in PubMed
because not all randomized trials are indexed as RCTs: https://
work.cochrane.org/pubmed
6. One must bear in mind that in many cases isolated components
may influence different results while in others a single result can
be influenced by several components.
7. Randomization is used to ensure that the intervention and
control groups are similar in all aspects (including distribution
of potential confounding factors except the one being tested),
although some confounding variables may emerge randomly.
8. Criteria to be assessed by food studies to obtain a nutrition/
health claim should include consistency, strength, quality,
370
Begon ˜ a Olmedilla-Alonso