45. Chayut N, Yuan H, Ohali S, Meir A, Sa’ar U,
Tzuri G, Zheng Y, Mazourek M, Gepstein S,
Zhou X, Portnoy V, Lewinsohn E, Schaffer
AA, Katzir N, Fei Z, Welsch R, Li L, Burger J,
Tadmor Y (2017) Distinct mechanisms of the
ORANGE protein in controlling carotenoid
flux. Plant Physiol 173(1):376–389
46. Welsch R, Zhou X, Yuan H, A ´ lvarez D, Sun T,
Schlossarek D, Yang Y, Shen G, Zhang H,
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Thannhauser
TW, Li L (2018) Clp protease and OR directly
control the proteostasis of phytoene synthase,
the crucial enzyme for carotenoid biosynthesis
in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 11(1):149–162
47. Yabuzaki J (2017) Carotenoids database:
structures, chemical fingerprints and distribution among organisms. Database 2017
48. Curl AL (1962) Red pepper carotenoids, the
carotenoids of red bell peppers. J Agric Food
Chem 10(6):504–509
49. Wang Y-Q, Yang Y, Fei Z, Yuan H, Fish T,
Thannhauser TW, Mazourek M, Kochian LV,
Wang X, Li L (2013) Proteomic analysis of
chromoplasts from six crop species reveals
insights into chromoplast function and development. J Exp Bot 64(4):949–961
50. Siefermann-Harms D, Hertzberg S, Borch G,
Liaaen-Jensen S (1981) Lactucaxanthin, an ε,
ε-carotene-3, 3’-diol from Lactuca sativa.
Phytochemistry 20(1):85–88
51. Cunningham FX, Gantt E (2001) One ring or
two? Determination of ring number in carotenoids by lycopene ε-cyclases. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 98(5):2905–2910
52. Phillip D, Young AJ (1995) Occurrence of the
carotenoid lactucaxanthin in higher plant
LHC II. Photosynth Res 43(3):273–282
53. Cunningham FX, Gantt E (2011) Elucidation
of the pathway to astaxanthin in the flowers of
Adonis
aestivalis.
Plant
Cell
23
(8):3055–3069
54. Misawa N (2009) Pathway engineering of
plants toward astaxanthin production. Plant
Biotechnol 26(1):93–99
55. Zhu C, Naqvi S, Capell T, Christou P (2009)
Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 483(2):182–190
56. Zhu Q, Zeng D, Yu S, Cui C, Li J, Li H,
Chen J, Zhang R, Zhao X, Chen L, Liu Y-G
(2018) From golden rice to aSTARice: bioengineering Astaxanthin biosynthesis in rice
endosperm. Mol Plant 11(12):1440–1448
57. Campbell R, Morris WL, Mortimer CL,
Misawa N, Ducreux LJM, Morris JA, Hedley
PE, Fraser PD, Taylor MA (2015) Optimising
ketocarotenoid production in potato tubers:
effect of genetic background, transgene combinations and environment. Plant Sci
234:27–37
58. Farre ´ G, Perez-Fons L, Decourcelle M,
Breitenbach J, Hem S, Zhu C, Capell T,
Christou P, Fraser PD, Sandmann G (2016)
Metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in maize endosperm and characterization of a prototype high oil hybrid. Transgenic
Res 25(4):477–489
59. Nogueira M, Enfissi EMA, Valenzuela MEM,
Menard GN, Driller RL, Eastmond PJ,
Schuch W, Sandmann G, Fraser PD (2017)
Engineering of tomato for the sustainable
production of ketocarotenoids and its evaluation in aquaculture feed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 114(41):10876–10881
60. Boon CS, McClements DJ, Weiss J, Decker
EA (2010) Factors influencing the chemical
stability of carotenoids in foods. Crit Rev
Food Sci Nutr 50(6):515–532
61. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J 79
(4):597–606
62. Chedea VS, Jisaka M (2013) Lipoxygenase
and carotenoids: a co-oxidation story. Afr J
Biotechnol 12(20):2786–2791
63. Auldridge ME, McCarty DR, Klee HJ (2006)
Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and
their apocarotenoid products. Curr Opin
Plant Biol 9(3):315–321
64. Seo M, Koshiba T (2002) Complex regulation of ABA biosynthesis in plants. Trends
Plant Sci 7(1):41–48
65. Walter MH, Floss DS, Strack D (2010) Apocarotenoids: hormones, mycorrhizal metabolites and aroma volatiles. Planta 232(1):1–17
66. Tan BC, Joseph LM, Deng WT, Liu L, Li QB,
Cline K, McCarty DR (2003) Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family. Plant J 35
(1):44–56
67. Schwartz SH, Tan BC, Gage DA, Zeevaart
JAD, McCarty DR (1997) Specific oxidative
cleavage of carotenoids by VP14 of maize.
Science 276(5320):1872–1874
68. Tan BC, Schwartz SH, Zeevaart JAD,
McCarty DR (1997) Genetic control of abscisic acid biosynthesis in maize. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 94(22):12235–12240
69. Finkelstein R (2013) Abscisic acid synthesis
and response. The Arabidopsis book. Am
Society Plant Biologists 11:e0166
70. Alder A, Jamil M, Marzorati M, Bruno M,
Vermathen M, Bigler P, Ghisla S,
Bouwmeester H, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2012)
The path from β-carotene to carlactone, a
Pathways for Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Degradation, and Storage
19
Tzuri G, Zheng Y, Mazourek M, Gepstein S,
Zhou X, Portnoy V, Lewinsohn E, Schaffer
AA, Katzir N, Fei Z, Welsch R, Li L, Burger J,
Tadmor Y (2017) Distinct mechanisms of the
ORANGE protein in controlling carotenoid
flux. Plant Physiol 173(1):376–389
46. Welsch R, Zhou X, Yuan H, A ´ lvarez D, Sun T,
Schlossarek D, Yang Y, Shen G, Zhang H,
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Thannhauser
TW, Li L (2018) Clp protease and OR directly
control the proteostasis of phytoene synthase,
the crucial enzyme for carotenoid biosynthesis
in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 11(1):149–162
47. Yabuzaki J (2017) Carotenoids database:
structures, chemical fingerprints and distribution among organisms. Database 2017
48. Curl AL (1962) Red pepper carotenoids, the
carotenoids of red bell peppers. J Agric Food
Chem 10(6):504–509
49. Wang Y-Q, Yang Y, Fei Z, Yuan H, Fish T,
Thannhauser TW, Mazourek M, Kochian LV,
Wang X, Li L (2013) Proteomic analysis of
chromoplasts from six crop species reveals
insights into chromoplast function and development. J Exp Bot 64(4):949–961
50. Siefermann-Harms D, Hertzberg S, Borch G,
Liaaen-Jensen S (1981) Lactucaxanthin, an ε,
ε-carotene-3, 3’-diol from Lactuca sativa.
Phytochemistry 20(1):85–88
51. Cunningham FX, Gantt E (2001) One ring or
two? Determination of ring number in carotenoids by lycopene ε-cyclases. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 98(5):2905–2910
52. Phillip D, Young AJ (1995) Occurrence of the
carotenoid lactucaxanthin in higher plant
LHC II. Photosynth Res 43(3):273–282
53. Cunningham FX, Gantt E (2011) Elucidation
of the pathway to astaxanthin in the flowers of
Adonis
aestivalis.
Plant
Cell
23
(8):3055–3069
54. Misawa N (2009) Pathway engineering of
plants toward astaxanthin production. Plant
Biotechnol 26(1):93–99
55. Zhu C, Naqvi S, Capell T, Christou P (2009)
Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 483(2):182–190
56. Zhu Q, Zeng D, Yu S, Cui C, Li J, Li H,
Chen J, Zhang R, Zhao X, Chen L, Liu Y-G
(2018) From golden rice to aSTARice: bioengineering Astaxanthin biosynthesis in rice
endosperm. Mol Plant 11(12):1440–1448
57. Campbell R, Morris WL, Mortimer CL,
Misawa N, Ducreux LJM, Morris JA, Hedley
PE, Fraser PD, Taylor MA (2015) Optimising
ketocarotenoid production in potato tubers:
effect of genetic background, transgene combinations and environment. Plant Sci
234:27–37
58. Farre ´ G, Perez-Fons L, Decourcelle M,
Breitenbach J, Hem S, Zhu C, Capell T,
Christou P, Fraser PD, Sandmann G (2016)
Metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in maize endosperm and characterization of a prototype high oil hybrid. Transgenic
Res 25(4):477–489
59. Nogueira M, Enfissi EMA, Valenzuela MEM,
Menard GN, Driller RL, Eastmond PJ,
Schuch W, Sandmann G, Fraser PD (2017)
Engineering of tomato for the sustainable
production of ketocarotenoids and its evaluation in aquaculture feed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 114(41):10876–10881
60. Boon CS, McClements DJ, Weiss J, Decker
EA (2010) Factors influencing the chemical
stability of carotenoids in foods. Crit Rev
Food Sci Nutr 50(6):515–532
61. Havaux M (2014) Carotenoid oxidation products as stress signals in plants. Plant J 79
(4):597–606
62. Chedea VS, Jisaka M (2013) Lipoxygenase
and carotenoids: a co-oxidation story. Afr J
Biotechnol 12(20):2786–2791
63. Auldridge ME, McCarty DR, Klee HJ (2006)
Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and
their apocarotenoid products. Curr Opin
Plant Biol 9(3):315–321
64. Seo M, Koshiba T (2002) Complex regulation of ABA biosynthesis in plants. Trends
Plant Sci 7(1):41–48
65. Walter MH, Floss DS, Strack D (2010) Apocarotenoids: hormones, mycorrhizal metabolites and aroma volatiles. Planta 232(1):1–17
66. Tan BC, Joseph LM, Deng WT, Liu L, Li QB,
Cline K, McCarty DR (2003) Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family. Plant J 35
(1):44–56
67. Schwartz SH, Tan BC, Gage DA, Zeevaart
JAD, McCarty DR (1997) Specific oxidative
cleavage of carotenoids by VP14 of maize.
Science 276(5320):1872–1874
68. Tan BC, Schwartz SH, Zeevaart JAD,
McCarty DR (1997) Genetic control of abscisic acid biosynthesis in maize. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A 94(22):12235–12240
69. Finkelstein R (2013) Abscisic acid synthesis
and response. The Arabidopsis book. Am
Society Plant Biologists 11:e0166
70. Alder A, Jamil M, Marzorati M, Bruno M,
Vermathen M, Bigler P, Ghisla S,
Bouwmeester H, Beyer P, Al-Babili S (2012)
The path from β-carotene to carlactone, a
Pathways for Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Degradation, and Storage
19