References
1. Nisar N, Li L, Lu S, Khin NC, Pogson BJ
(2015) Carotenoid metabolism in plants.
Mol Plant 8(1):68–82
2. Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´ n M, Avalos J, Bonet
ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L,
Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Mele ´ndezMartı ´nez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A,
Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C
(2018) A global perspective on carotenoids:
metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for
nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res
70:62–93
3. Liang MH, Zhu J, Jiang JG (2018) Carotenoids biosynthesis and cleavage related genes
from bacteria to plants. Crit Rev Food Sci
Nutr 58(14):2314–2333
4. Wurtzel ET (2019) Changing form and function through carotenoids and synthetic biology. Plant Physiol 179:830–843
5. Sun T, Yuan H, Cao H, Yazdani M,
Tadmor Y, Li L (2018) Carotenoid metabolism in plants: the role of plastids. Mol Plant
11(1):58–74
6. Spurgeon SL, Porter lW (1983) Biosynthesis
of carotenoids. In: Porter, lW. and Spurgeon,
SL (eds), Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds, Vol. 2. Wiley, New York, pp I-122.
7. Cunningham FX Jr, Gantt E (1998) Genes
and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in
plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 49(1):557–583
8. Lichtenthaler HK (1999) The 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid
biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol
50(1):47–65
9. Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´ n M, Boronat A (2015)
Breaking new ground in the regulation of the
early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 25:17–22
10. Moise AR, Al-Babili S, Wurtzel ET (2013)
Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 114(1):164–193
11. Giuliano G, Al-Babili S, von Lintig J (2003)
Carotenoid oxygenases: cleave it or leave
it. Trends Plant Sci 8(4):145–149
12. Walter MH, Strack D (2011) Carotenoids and
their cleavage products: biosynthesis and
functions. Nat Prod Rep 28(4):663–692
13. Jia KP, Baz L, Al-Babili S (2017) From carotenoids to strigolactones. J Exp Bot 69
(9):2189–2204
14. Hauser F, Waadt R, Schroeder JI (2011) Evolution of abscisic acid synthesis and signaling
mechanisms. Curr Biol 21(9):R346–R355
15. Li L, Van Eck J (2007) Metabolic engineering
of carotenoid accumulation by creating a metabolic sink. Transgenic Res 16(5):581–585
16. Cordoba E, Salmi M, Leo ´ n P (2009) Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the MEP pathway in higher plants. J Exp
Bot 60(10):2933–2943
17. Este ´vez JM, Cantero A, Reindl A, Reichler S,
Leo ´n P (2001) 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a limiting enzyme for plastidic
isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. J Biol Chem
276(25):22901–22909
18. Carretero-Paulet L, Cairo A, Botella-Pavı ´a P,
Besumbes O, Campos N, Boronat A, Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´n M (2006) Enhanced flux
through the methylerythritol 4-phosphate
pathway in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing
deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase.
Plant Mol Biol 62(4–5):683–695
19. Simpson K, Quiroz LF, RodriguezConcepcio ´ n M, Stange CR (2016) Differential contribution of the first two enzymes of
the MEP pathway to the supply of metabolic
precursors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis in carrot (Daucus carota). Front
Plant Sci 7:1344
20. Chen N, Wang P, Li C, Wang Q, Pan J,
Xiao F, Wang Y, Zhang K, Li C, Yang B,
Sun C, Deng X (2018) A single nucleotide
mutation of the IspE gene participating in
the MEP pathway for Isoprenoid biosynthesis
causes a green-revertible yellow leaf phenotype in Rice. Plant Cell Physiol 59
(9):1905–1917
21. Oleszkiewicz T, Klimek-Chodacka M,
Milewska-Hendel A, Zubko M, Stro ´z ˙ D,
Kurczyn ´ ska E, Boba A, Szopa J, Baranski R
(2018) Unique chromoplast organisation and
carotenoid gene expression in carotenoid-rich
carrot callus. Planta 248(6):1455–1471
22. Ruiz-Sola MA ´ , Coman D, Beck G, Barja M,
Colinas M, Graf A, Welsch R, Ru ¨timann P,
Bu ¨hlmann P, Bigler L, Gruissem W,
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Vranova ´ E
(2016) Arabidopsis GERANYLGERANYL
DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 11 is a hub
isozyme required for the production of most
photosynthesis-related isoprenoids. New Phytol 209(1):252–264
23. Zhou F, Wang C-Y, Gutensohn M, Jiang L,
Zhang P, Zhang D, Dudareva N, Lu S (2017)
A recruiting protein of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase controls metabolic flux toward
chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 114(26):6866–6871
Pathways for Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Degradation, and Storage
17
1. Nisar N, Li L, Lu S, Khin NC, Pogson BJ
(2015) Carotenoid metabolism in plants.
Mol Plant 8(1):68–82
2. Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´ n M, Avalos J, Bonet
ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L,
Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Mele ´ndezMartı ´nez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A,
Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C
(2018) A global perspective on carotenoids:
metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for
nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res
70:62–93
3. Liang MH, Zhu J, Jiang JG (2018) Carotenoids biosynthesis and cleavage related genes
from bacteria to plants. Crit Rev Food Sci
Nutr 58(14):2314–2333
4. Wurtzel ET (2019) Changing form and function through carotenoids and synthetic biology. Plant Physiol 179:830–843
5. Sun T, Yuan H, Cao H, Yazdani M,
Tadmor Y, Li L (2018) Carotenoid metabolism in plants: the role of plastids. Mol Plant
11(1):58–74
6. Spurgeon SL, Porter lW (1983) Biosynthesis
of carotenoids. In: Porter, lW. and Spurgeon,
SL (eds), Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds, Vol. 2. Wiley, New York, pp I-122.
7. Cunningham FX Jr, Gantt E (1998) Genes
and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in
plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 49(1):557–583
8. Lichtenthaler HK (1999) The 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid
biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol
50(1):47–65
9. Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´ n M, Boronat A (2015)
Breaking new ground in the regulation of the
early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis.
Curr Opin Plant Biol 25:17–22
10. Moise AR, Al-Babili S, Wurtzel ET (2013)
Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 114(1):164–193
11. Giuliano G, Al-Babili S, von Lintig J (2003)
Carotenoid oxygenases: cleave it or leave
it. Trends Plant Sci 8(4):145–149
12. Walter MH, Strack D (2011) Carotenoids and
their cleavage products: biosynthesis and
functions. Nat Prod Rep 28(4):663–692
13. Jia KP, Baz L, Al-Babili S (2017) From carotenoids to strigolactones. J Exp Bot 69
(9):2189–2204
14. Hauser F, Waadt R, Schroeder JI (2011) Evolution of abscisic acid synthesis and signaling
mechanisms. Curr Biol 21(9):R346–R355
15. Li L, Van Eck J (2007) Metabolic engineering
of carotenoid accumulation by creating a metabolic sink. Transgenic Res 16(5):581–585
16. Cordoba E, Salmi M, Leo ´ n P (2009) Unravelling the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the MEP pathway in higher plants. J Exp
Bot 60(10):2933–2943
17. Este ´vez JM, Cantero A, Reindl A, Reichler S,
Leo ´n P (2001) 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a limiting enzyme for plastidic
isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. J Biol Chem
276(25):22901–22909
18. Carretero-Paulet L, Cairo A, Botella-Pavı ´a P,
Besumbes O, Campos N, Boronat A, Rodrı ´guez-Concepcio ´n M (2006) Enhanced flux
through the methylerythritol 4-phosphate
pathway in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing
deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase.
Plant Mol Biol 62(4–5):683–695
19. Simpson K, Quiroz LF, RodriguezConcepcio ´ n M, Stange CR (2016) Differential contribution of the first two enzymes of
the MEP pathway to the supply of metabolic
precursors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis in carrot (Daucus carota). Front
Plant Sci 7:1344
20. Chen N, Wang P, Li C, Wang Q, Pan J,
Xiao F, Wang Y, Zhang K, Li C, Yang B,
Sun C, Deng X (2018) A single nucleotide
mutation of the IspE gene participating in
the MEP pathway for Isoprenoid biosynthesis
causes a green-revertible yellow leaf phenotype in Rice. Plant Cell Physiol 59
(9):1905–1917
21. Oleszkiewicz T, Klimek-Chodacka M,
Milewska-Hendel A, Zubko M, Stro ´z ˙ D,
Kurczyn ´ ska E, Boba A, Szopa J, Baranski R
(2018) Unique chromoplast organisation and
carotenoid gene expression in carotenoid-rich
carrot callus. Planta 248(6):1455–1471
22. Ruiz-Sola MA ´ , Coman D, Beck G, Barja M,
Colinas M, Graf A, Welsch R, Ru ¨timann P,
Bu ¨hlmann P, Bigler L, Gruissem W,
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Vranova ´ E
(2016) Arabidopsis GERANYLGERANYL
DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 11 is a hub
isozyme required for the production of most
photosynthesis-related isoprenoids. New Phytol 209(1):252–264
23. Zhou F, Wang C-Y, Gutensohn M, Jiang L,
Zhang P, Zhang D, Dudareva N, Lu S (2017)
A recruiting protein of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase controls metabolic flux toward
chlorophyll biosynthesis in rice. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A 114(26):6866–6871
Pathways for Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Degradation, and Storage
17