2. Fasset RG, Coombes JS (2012) Astaxanthin in
cardiovascular health and disease. Molecules
17:2030–2048
3. Mordente A, Guantario B, Meucci E,
Silvestrini A, Lombardi E, Martorana GE
(2011) Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases:
an update. Curr Med Chem 18:1146–1163
4. Rao AV, Rao LG (2007) Carotenoids and
human health. Pharmacol Res 55:207–216
5. Li L, Yuan H (2013) Chromoplast biogenesis
and carotenoid accumulation. Arch Biochem
Biophys 539:102–109
6. Lopez-Juez E, Pyke KA (2004) Plastids
unleashed: their development and their integration in plant development. Int J Dev Biol
49:557–577
7. Jarvis P, Lopez-Juez E (2013) Biogenesis and
homeostasis of chloroplasts and other plastids.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:787–802
8. Howitt CA, Pogson BJ (2006) Carotenoid
accumulation and function in seeds and
non-green tissues. Plant Cell Environ
29:435–445
9. Li L, Yuan H, Zeng Y, Qiang X (2016) Carotenoids in nature biosynthesis, regulation and
function. In: Stange C (ed) Plastids and carotenoids accumulation, 1st edn, Switzerland, pp
273–293
10. Wurtzel E, Cuttriss A, Vallabhaneni R (2012)
Maize provitamin a carotenoids, current
resources, and future metabolic engineering
challenges. Front Plant Sci 3:29
11. Rodrıguez-Villalon A, Gas E, Rodrıguez-Concepcion M (2009) Phytoene synthase activity
controls the biosynthesis of carotenoids and
the supply of their metabolic precursors in
dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant J
60:424–435
12. Niyogi KK, Truong TB (2013) Evolution of
flexible nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms that regulate light harvesting in oxygenic
photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol
16:307–314
13. Ruban AV (2016) Nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching: mechanism and
effectiveness in protecting plants from photodamage. Plant Physiol 170:1903–1916
14. Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Ruiz-Sola MA
(2012) Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. Arabidopsis Book 10:
e0158
15. Egea I, Barsan C, Bian W, Purgatto E,
Latche A, Chervin C, Bouzayen M, Pech JC
(2010) Chromoplast differentiation: current
status and perspectives. Plant Cell Physiol
51:1601–1611
16. Lado J, Zacarias L, Rodrigo MJ (2016) Carotenoids in nature biosynthesis, regulation and
function. In: Stange C (ed) Regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit development, 1st edn, Switzerland, pp 161–198
17. Jeffery J, Holzenburg A, King S (2012) Physical barriers to carotenoid bioaccessibility.
Ultrastructure survey of chromoplast and cell
wall morphology in nine carotenoidcontaining fruits and vegetables. J Sci Food
Agric 92:2594–2602
18. Go ´ mez-Go ´ mez L, Parra-Vega A, Rivas-Sendra
JM, Seguı ´-Simarro R, Molina V, Pallotti C,
Rubio-Moraga A, Diretto G, Prieto A, Ahrazem O (2017) Unraveling massive crocins
transport and accumulation through proteome
and microscopy tools during the development
of saffron stigma. Int J Mol Sci 18:76
19. Lado J, Cronje P, Alquezar B, Page A,
Manzi M, Gomez-Cadenas A, Stead AD,
Zacarias L, Rodrigo MJ (2015) Fruit shading
enhances peel color, carotenes accumulation
and chromoplast differentiation in red grapefruit. Physiol Plant 154:469–484
20. Lu P, Wang C, Yin T, Zhong S, Grierson D,
Chen K, Xu C (2017) Cytological and molecular characterization of carotenoid accumulation
in normal and high-lycopene mutant oranges.
Sci Rep 7:761
21. Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB, Heller A,
Esquivel P, Carle R (2011) Characterization
of chromoplasts and carotenoids of redand
yellow-fleshed papaya (Carica papaya L.).
Planta 234:1031–1044
22. Kim JE, Rensing KH, Douglas CJ, Cheng KM
(2010) Chromoplasts ultrastructure and estimated carotene content in root secondary
phloem of different carrot varieties. Planta
231:549–558
23. Vasquez-Caicedo AL, Heller A, Neidhart S,
Carle R (2006) Chromoplast morphology and
beta-carotene accumulation during postharvest
ripening of mango cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’. J Agric
Food Chem 54:5769–5776
24. Paolillo DJ, Garvin DF, Parthasarathy MV
(2004) The chromoplasts of or mutants of
cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis).
Protoplasma 224:245–253
25. Gross J (1987) Pigments in fruits. In: Schweigert BS (ed) Food science and technology: a
series of monographs. Academic Press. London
Sci Technol
26. Alque ´zar B, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarı ´as L (2008)
Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during
fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange
mutant
Cara
Cara.
Phytochemistry
69:1997–2007
Structure of Plastid-Containing Carotenoids from Fruits
243
cardiovascular health and disease. Molecules
17:2030–2048
3. Mordente A, Guantario B, Meucci E,
Silvestrini A, Lombardi E, Martorana GE
(2011) Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases:
an update. Curr Med Chem 18:1146–1163
4. Rao AV, Rao LG (2007) Carotenoids and
human health. Pharmacol Res 55:207–216
5. Li L, Yuan H (2013) Chromoplast biogenesis
and carotenoid accumulation. Arch Biochem
Biophys 539:102–109
6. Lopez-Juez E, Pyke KA (2004) Plastids
unleashed: their development and their integration in plant development. Int J Dev Biol
49:557–577
7. Jarvis P, Lopez-Juez E (2013) Biogenesis and
homeostasis of chloroplasts and other plastids.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:787–802
8. Howitt CA, Pogson BJ (2006) Carotenoid
accumulation and function in seeds and
non-green tissues. Plant Cell Environ
29:435–445
9. Li L, Yuan H, Zeng Y, Qiang X (2016) Carotenoids in nature biosynthesis, regulation and
function. In: Stange C (ed) Plastids and carotenoids accumulation, 1st edn, Switzerland, pp
273–293
10. Wurtzel E, Cuttriss A, Vallabhaneni R (2012)
Maize provitamin a carotenoids, current
resources, and future metabolic engineering
challenges. Front Plant Sci 3:29
11. Rodrıguez-Villalon A, Gas E, Rodrıguez-Concepcion M (2009) Phytoene synthase activity
controls the biosynthesis of carotenoids and
the supply of their metabolic precursors in
dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant J
60:424–435
12. Niyogi KK, Truong TB (2013) Evolution of
flexible nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms that regulate light harvesting in oxygenic
photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol
16:307–314
13. Ruban AV (2016) Nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching: mechanism and
effectiveness in protecting plants from photodamage. Plant Physiol 170:1903–1916
14. Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Ruiz-Sola MA
(2012) Carotenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: a colorful pathway. Arabidopsis Book 10:
e0158
15. Egea I, Barsan C, Bian W, Purgatto E,
Latche A, Chervin C, Bouzayen M, Pech JC
(2010) Chromoplast differentiation: current
status and perspectives. Plant Cell Physiol
51:1601–1611
16. Lado J, Zacarias L, Rodrigo MJ (2016) Carotenoids in nature biosynthesis, regulation and
function. In: Stange C (ed) Regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit development, 1st edn, Switzerland, pp 161–198
17. Jeffery J, Holzenburg A, King S (2012) Physical barriers to carotenoid bioaccessibility.
Ultrastructure survey of chromoplast and cell
wall morphology in nine carotenoidcontaining fruits and vegetables. J Sci Food
Agric 92:2594–2602
18. Go ´ mez-Go ´ mez L, Parra-Vega A, Rivas-Sendra
JM, Seguı ´-Simarro R, Molina V, Pallotti C,
Rubio-Moraga A, Diretto G, Prieto A, Ahrazem O (2017) Unraveling massive crocins
transport and accumulation through proteome
and microscopy tools during the development
of saffron stigma. Int J Mol Sci 18:76
19. Lado J, Cronje P, Alquezar B, Page A,
Manzi M, Gomez-Cadenas A, Stead AD,
Zacarias L, Rodrigo MJ (2015) Fruit shading
enhances peel color, carotenes accumulation
and chromoplast differentiation in red grapefruit. Physiol Plant 154:469–484
20. Lu P, Wang C, Yin T, Zhong S, Grierson D,
Chen K, Xu C (2017) Cytological and molecular characterization of carotenoid accumulation
in normal and high-lycopene mutant oranges.
Sci Rep 7:761
21. Schweiggert RM, Steingass CB, Heller A,
Esquivel P, Carle R (2011) Characterization
of chromoplasts and carotenoids of redand
yellow-fleshed papaya (Carica papaya L.).
Planta 234:1031–1044
22. Kim JE, Rensing KH, Douglas CJ, Cheng KM
(2010) Chromoplasts ultrastructure and estimated carotene content in root secondary
phloem of different carrot varieties. Planta
231:549–558
23. Vasquez-Caicedo AL, Heller A, Neidhart S,
Carle R (2006) Chromoplast morphology and
beta-carotene accumulation during postharvest
ripening of mango cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’. J Agric
Food Chem 54:5769–5776
24. Paolillo DJ, Garvin DF, Parthasarathy MV
(2004) The chromoplasts of or mutants of
cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis).
Protoplasma 224:245–253
25. Gross J (1987) Pigments in fruits. In: Schweigert BS (ed) Food science and technology: a
series of monographs. Academic Press. London
Sci Technol
26. Alque ´zar B, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarı ´as L (2008)
Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during
fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange
mutant
Cara
Cara.
Phytochemistry
69:1997–2007
Structure of Plastid-Containing Carotenoids from Fruits
243