Applications of Microbe-Based Nanoparticles …
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fungi Penicillium sp. to synthesize spherical-shaped, 25–30 nm size silver nanoparticles. Further, endophytic fungi Aspergillus conicus, Penicillium janthinellum
and Phomosis sp. synthesized AgNPs having polydispersed spherical- or hexagonalshaped and 6–12 mm, 8–14 mm 10–16 mm in size, respectively, (Bharathidasan
and Panneerselvam 2012). Verma et al. (2010) synthesized polydispersed spherical or hexagonal, 10–25 nm in size AgNPs from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus
clavatus. Cladosporium cladosporioides was exercised for the formation of AgNPs
having polydispersed and spherical-shaped, 10–100 nm size (Balaji et al. 2009).
In another study, spherical-shaped AgNPs ranging from 25 to 50 nm sizes were
synthesized using Aspergillus tamarii (Raliya et al. 2014a, b).
2.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Algae
Algae have also been explored for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Senapati
et al. (2012) synthesized intracellular spherical- and triangular-shaped AuNPs with
dimensions of 5–35 nm in size using Tetraselmis kochinensis. Kannan et al. (2013)
synthesized AgNPs having 3–44 nm size using marine macroalga Chaetomorpha
linum. In another study, rapid synthesis of spherical-, hexagonal- and triangle-shaped
AuNPs in brown alga, Stoechospermum marginatum with dimensions from 18.7 to
93.7 nm was achieved in ten minutes (Rajathi et al. 2012). Kumar et al. (2012)
synthesized spherical-shaped AgNPs with dimensions of 20 nm using Sargassum
tenerrimum. Similarly, in Sargassum muticum, spherical-shaped AgNPs 43–79 nm
size was synthesized by Madhiyazhagan et al. (2015). Formation of AgNPs having
spherical to oval shape with 31 nm in size was synthesized by Laminaria japonica
(Kim et al. 2018). Jena et al. (2014) synthesized AgNPs using Scenedesmus sp.
(IMMTCC-25). Results indicated that, living cells synthesized AgNPs having 3–
35 nm in size and spherical shape. However, 5–10 nm size and spherical shape was
obtained with raw algal extract, respectively (Table 5).
Namvar et al. (2015) used the extract of Sargassum muticum and synthesized
spherical and crystalline shape AuNPs with dimensions less than 10 nm. In another
study, Pithophora oedogonia was used for the rapid synthesis of 32.06 nm size
AuNPs within 1 h (Li et al. 2016). Biosynthesis of stable spherical-shaped AuNPs
with 25–30 nm in size at pH 8 was achieved using Chlorella pyrenoidusa extract (Oza
et al. 2012). Lengke et al. (2006) studied intracellular and extracellular synthesis of
cubical and octahedral, 10–25 nm size AuNPs in Plectonema boryanum UTEX 48.
A marine green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica, was exercised for spherical-shaped
AuNPs of size range 51–120 nm by Shakibaie et al. (2010). Ramakritinan et al.
(2013) synthesized 22–30 nm size, Ag/Au bimetallic spherical-shaped nanoparticle
from Gracilaria.
In another study, Tetraselmis suecica was used to synthesize 51–120 nm size,
spherical-shaped AuNPs (Shakibaie et al. 2010). Phormidium tenue was exercised
for tailor-made AuNPs and resulted in the synthesis of 14.84 nm size spherical- and
359
fungi Penicillium sp. to synthesize spherical-shaped, 25–30 nm size silver nanoparticles. Further, endophytic fungi Aspergillus conicus, Penicillium janthinellum
and Phomosis sp. synthesized AgNPs having polydispersed spherical- or hexagonalshaped and 6–12 mm, 8–14 mm 10–16 mm in size, respectively, (Bharathidasan
and Panneerselvam 2012). Verma et al. (2010) synthesized polydispersed spherical or hexagonal, 10–25 nm in size AgNPs from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus
clavatus. Cladosporium cladosporioides was exercised for the formation of AgNPs
having polydispersed and spherical-shaped, 10–100 nm size (Balaji et al. 2009).
In another study, spherical-shaped AgNPs ranging from 25 to 50 nm sizes were
synthesized using Aspergillus tamarii (Raliya et al. 2014a, b).
2.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Algae
Algae have also been explored for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Senapati
et al. (2012) synthesized intracellular spherical- and triangular-shaped AuNPs with
dimensions of 5–35 nm in size using Tetraselmis kochinensis. Kannan et al. (2013)
synthesized AgNPs having 3–44 nm size using marine macroalga Chaetomorpha
linum. In another study, rapid synthesis of spherical-, hexagonal- and triangle-shaped
AuNPs in brown alga, Stoechospermum marginatum with dimensions from 18.7 to
93.7 nm was achieved in ten minutes (Rajathi et al. 2012). Kumar et al. (2012)
synthesized spherical-shaped AgNPs with dimensions of 20 nm using Sargassum
tenerrimum. Similarly, in Sargassum muticum, spherical-shaped AgNPs 43–79 nm
size was synthesized by Madhiyazhagan et al. (2015). Formation of AgNPs having
spherical to oval shape with 31 nm in size was synthesized by Laminaria japonica
(Kim et al. 2018). Jena et al. (2014) synthesized AgNPs using Scenedesmus sp.
(IMMTCC-25). Results indicated that, living cells synthesized AgNPs having 3–
35 nm in size and spherical shape. However, 5–10 nm size and spherical shape was
obtained with raw algal extract, respectively (Table 5).
Namvar et al. (2015) used the extract of Sargassum muticum and synthesized
spherical and crystalline shape AuNPs with dimensions less than 10 nm. In another
study, Pithophora oedogonia was used for the rapid synthesis of 32.06 nm size
AuNPs within 1 h (Li et al. 2016). Biosynthesis of stable spherical-shaped AuNPs
with 25–30 nm in size at pH 8 was achieved using Chlorella pyrenoidusa extract (Oza
et al. 2012). Lengke et al. (2006) studied intracellular and extracellular synthesis of
cubical and octahedral, 10–25 nm size AuNPs in Plectonema boryanum UTEX 48.
A marine green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica, was exercised for spherical-shaped
AuNPs of size range 51–120 nm by Shakibaie et al. (2010). Ramakritinan et al.
(2013) synthesized 22–30 nm size, Ag/Au bimetallic spherical-shaped nanoparticle
from Gracilaria.
In another study, Tetraselmis suecica was used to synthesize 51–120 nm size,
spherical-shaped AuNPs (Shakibaie et al. 2010). Phormidium tenue was exercised
for tailor-made AuNPs and resulted in the synthesis of 14.84 nm size spherical- and