316
E. A. Adebayo et al.
and eventually serve as vital agents for the intestinal well-being (Gu et al. 2008).
Probiotics function by limiting gut pathogen aggregation and lowering symptoms
specific for diseases that are induced by immune response dysregulations (Basavaraju
and Jamil, 2014). Other essential health benefit includes sound immune system
response, vitamin production, reduction of serum cholesterol, anticarcinogenic and
antimicrobial effects (Yazdi et al. 2017; Miller et al. 2016; West 2016).
In the recent years, beneficial microbes have played vital roles in nanotechnology,
especially in biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanomaterials with sizes range between
1 and 100 nm are prominent nanoproducts for nanoscience and nanotechnological
research. Nanomaterials, in particular metal nanoparticles, have attracted special
attention in different fields of applied sciences, ranging from material science to
biotechnology (Huang et al. 2007; Nath and Banerjee 2013). Nanotechnology is the
use of engineering and technology techniques in a nanoscale to produce novel materials and devices. This literally translates to any technology performed on a nanoscale
with useful applications (Govindasamy et al. 2013). Nanoparticles synthesis in recent
times has gained unprecedented attention in different spheres of research such as
materials science, chemistry, physics, life sciences, medicines and engineering (Ojo
et al. 2016). Different methods have been used for the synthesis of mono- and
bimetallic nanoparticles, and these include laser ablation (Liz-Marzan and Philipse
1995), laser irradiation (Chen and Yeh 2001), sono-chemical (Anandan et al. 2008;
Wani and Ahmad 2013), sputter deposition (Okazaki et al. 2008), solvothermal
(Ahmad et al. 2013) and biological or green method (Ahmad et al. 2003).
However, green synthesis remains an important alternative route that has drawn
tremendous interests because of reliability, stability, lesser use of harmful chemicals,
cost effectiveness and eco-friendliness (Salem et al. 2014). Generally, biological
resources that include bacteria (Elbeshehy et al. 2015; Kushwaha et al. 2015; Singh
et al. 2015a, b; Raj et al. 2016), bacteriophage (Ahiwale et al. 2017), fungi (Mishra
et al. 2014; Priyadarshini et al. 2014; Dhanasekar et al. 2015; Gopinath et al. 2015;
Ramalingmam et al. 2015; Eugenio et al. 2016; Yin et al. 2016; Hamedi et al. 2018;
Vijayanandan and Balakrishnan 2018; Spagnoletti et al. 2019), enzymes (Talekar
et al. 2014; Khan et al. 2015; Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al. 2015a; Rai and
Panda 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020), plants (Salem et al. 2014; Singh
et al. 2015a, b; Anand et al. 2015; Bogireddy et al. 2015; Khatami et al. 2015;
Lateef et al. 2015b, 2016a, b, c, d, 2018a; Shanmugam et al. 2016; Adelere et al.
2017; Azeez et al. 2017, 2019a, b), algae (Aziz et al. 2015; da Silva Ferreira et al.
2017; Ramakrishna et al. 2016; Sonker et al. 2017) and exudates from arthropods
(Sreelakshmi et al. 2011; El-Desouky and Ammar 2016; Lateef et al. 2016e, f, g)
are involved in the processes of green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Synthesis
of nanoparticles using extracts from green sources has been shown to be a veritable
alternative to the more intricate chemical mode of synthesis. This is because extracts
from the natural sources act simultaneously as reducing and capping agents in a onepot synthesis using the availability of wide ranges of phytochemicals in plants and
enzymes, protein, amino acids and polysaccharides in bacteria and fungi (Adelere and
Lateef 2016). The green synthesis has been proved to be benign to the environment
unlike chemical and physical methods (Sreelakshmy et al. 2016).
E. A. Adebayo et al.
and eventually serve as vital agents for the intestinal well-being (Gu et al. 2008).
Probiotics function by limiting gut pathogen aggregation and lowering symptoms
specific for diseases that are induced by immune response dysregulations (Basavaraju
and Jamil, 2014). Other essential health benefit includes sound immune system
response, vitamin production, reduction of serum cholesterol, anticarcinogenic and
antimicrobial effects (Yazdi et al. 2017; Miller et al. 2016; West 2016).
In the recent years, beneficial microbes have played vital roles in nanotechnology,
especially in biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanomaterials with sizes range between
1 and 100 nm are prominent nanoproducts for nanoscience and nanotechnological
research. Nanomaterials, in particular metal nanoparticles, have attracted special
attention in different fields of applied sciences, ranging from material science to
biotechnology (Huang et al. 2007; Nath and Banerjee 2013). Nanotechnology is the
use of engineering and technology techniques in a nanoscale to produce novel materials and devices. This literally translates to any technology performed on a nanoscale
with useful applications (Govindasamy et al. 2013). Nanoparticles synthesis in recent
times has gained unprecedented attention in different spheres of research such as
materials science, chemistry, physics, life sciences, medicines and engineering (Ojo
et al. 2016). Different methods have been used for the synthesis of mono- and
bimetallic nanoparticles, and these include laser ablation (Liz-Marzan and Philipse
1995), laser irradiation (Chen and Yeh 2001), sono-chemical (Anandan et al. 2008;
Wani and Ahmad 2013), sputter deposition (Okazaki et al. 2008), solvothermal
(Ahmad et al. 2013) and biological or green method (Ahmad et al. 2003).
However, green synthesis remains an important alternative route that has drawn
tremendous interests because of reliability, stability, lesser use of harmful chemicals,
cost effectiveness and eco-friendliness (Salem et al. 2014). Generally, biological
resources that include bacteria (Elbeshehy et al. 2015; Kushwaha et al. 2015; Singh
et al. 2015a, b; Raj et al. 2016), bacteriophage (Ahiwale et al. 2017), fungi (Mishra
et al. 2014; Priyadarshini et al. 2014; Dhanasekar et al. 2015; Gopinath et al. 2015;
Ramalingmam et al. 2015; Eugenio et al. 2016; Yin et al. 2016; Hamedi et al. 2018;
Vijayanandan and Balakrishnan 2018; Spagnoletti et al. 2019), enzymes (Talekar
et al. 2014; Khan et al. 2015; Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al. 2015a; Rai and
Panda 2015; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020), plants (Salem et al. 2014; Singh
et al. 2015a, b; Anand et al. 2015; Bogireddy et al. 2015; Khatami et al. 2015;
Lateef et al. 2015b, 2016a, b, c, d, 2018a; Shanmugam et al. 2016; Adelere et al.
2017; Azeez et al. 2017, 2019a, b), algae (Aziz et al. 2015; da Silva Ferreira et al.
2017; Ramakrishna et al. 2016; Sonker et al. 2017) and exudates from arthropods
(Sreelakshmi et al. 2011; El-Desouky and Ammar 2016; Lateef et al. 2016e, f, g)
are involved in the processes of green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Synthesis
of nanoparticles using extracts from green sources has been shown to be a veritable
alternative to the more intricate chemical mode of synthesis. This is because extracts
from the natural sources act simultaneously as reducing and capping agents in a onepot synthesis using the availability of wide ranges of phytochemicals in plants and
enzymes, protein, amino acids and polysaccharides in bacteria and fungi (Adelere and
Lateef 2016). The green synthesis has been proved to be benign to the environment
unlike chemical and physical methods (Sreelakshmy et al. 2016).