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I. A. Adelere and A. Lateef
and too much of energy consumption (Li et al. 1999). These challenges have drastically limited the areas of applications of nanotechnology and therefore necessitated
the development of better alternative. However, the involvement of biological materials for nanoparticles synthesis has shown to be better alternative as it promotes
the production of nanoparticles in a cost-effective manner. The procedure is simple,
environmentally benign, relatively reproducible, and also suitable for the large-scale
production. The integration of biological principles to nanotechnology has become
an important area in nanoscience and had gained very high momentum in recent
times (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Lateef et al. 2016a, 2018a, 2019; Elegbede and
Lateef 2019a, b).
Nanobiotechnology is a newly developed area of nanoscience that combines
biological principles with the existing nanotechnological procedures. It was developed to improve the previous strategies for nanoparticles synthesis and applications.
It had received remarkable attentions as a result of its advancement over physical
and chemical methods since it is simple, cost effective, sustainable, and ecological
friendly. Biological principles have been adopted to synthesize metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles of suitable physicochemical properties with potential applications in diverse areas of human endeavors. Researchers have exploited very considerable diversity of plants, arthropods, and microorganisms to fabricate a wide variety
of functional nanomaterials (Lateef et al. 2016b, c, d, e, 2018b, 2020; Ojo et al.
2016; Oladipo et al. 2017; Elegbede et al. 2020). We have documented a comprehensive review on the utilization of agrowastes, enzymes, biological pigments, and
metabolites of arthropods for the production of metallic nanoparticles (Adelere and
Lateef 2016; Lateef et al. 2016a). The reviews revealed the emerging importance
of biological resources to produce biocompatible and efficient nanoparticles. It has
been suggested that biomolecules such as flavonoids, terpenoids, polyols, and organic
acids (Shankar et al. 2004; Begum et al. 2009; Sharon et al. 2012) in the biological
resources control the fabrication of nanoparticles (Ghashghaei and Emtiazi 2013).
The carbonyl functional group of aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acid present
in biomolecules acts as reducing agent by donating electrons to metallic ions to form
corresponding metallic nanoparticles (Shankar et al. 2004). Also, several protein
molecules are recognized capable of reducing metallic ions to metallic nanoparticles. They bind with the metal through their free amine groups or carboxylate ions
(Gopinath et al. 2012). They act as capping agents, thereby increasing their stability
by preventing oxidation or agglomeration. Thus, enzymes being proteinous in nature
have been used to produce metal nanoparticles (Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al.
2015; Adelere and Lateef 2016; Parashar et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2017; Ovais et al.
2018; Wadhwani et al. 2018; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020).
Among the biological systems that have been used to synthesize nanoparticles,
microalgae attract huge attention due to their ability to adsorb toxic metals and
subsequently convert them to non-toxic form (Patel et al. 2015). Microalgae are
capable of producing nanoparticles of various metals like silver, gold, palladium,
and platinum (Ebrahiminezhad et al. 2016; Khalid et al. 2017; Priyadarshini et al.
2019; Sathishkumar et al. 2019). Among the algae, microalgae are recognized as
the most suitable factories for nanoparticles synthesis, due to their high growth rate
I. A. Adelere and A. Lateef
and too much of energy consumption (Li et al. 1999). These challenges have drastically limited the areas of applications of nanotechnology and therefore necessitated
the development of better alternative. However, the involvement of biological materials for nanoparticles synthesis has shown to be better alternative as it promotes
the production of nanoparticles in a cost-effective manner. The procedure is simple,
environmentally benign, relatively reproducible, and also suitable for the large-scale
production. The integration of biological principles to nanotechnology has become
an important area in nanoscience and had gained very high momentum in recent
times (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Lateef et al. 2016a, 2018a, 2019; Elegbede and
Lateef 2019a, b).
Nanobiotechnology is a newly developed area of nanoscience that combines
biological principles with the existing nanotechnological procedures. It was developed to improve the previous strategies for nanoparticles synthesis and applications.
It had received remarkable attentions as a result of its advancement over physical
and chemical methods since it is simple, cost effective, sustainable, and ecological
friendly. Biological principles have been adopted to synthesize metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles of suitable physicochemical properties with potential applications in diverse areas of human endeavors. Researchers have exploited very considerable diversity of plants, arthropods, and microorganisms to fabricate a wide variety
of functional nanomaterials (Lateef et al. 2016b, c, d, e, 2018b, 2020; Ojo et al.
2016; Oladipo et al. 2017; Elegbede et al. 2020). We have documented a comprehensive review on the utilization of agrowastes, enzymes, biological pigments, and
metabolites of arthropods for the production of metallic nanoparticles (Adelere and
Lateef 2016; Lateef et al. 2016a). The reviews revealed the emerging importance
of biological resources to produce biocompatible and efficient nanoparticles. It has
been suggested that biomolecules such as flavonoids, terpenoids, polyols, and organic
acids (Shankar et al. 2004; Begum et al. 2009; Sharon et al. 2012) in the biological
resources control the fabrication of nanoparticles (Ghashghaei and Emtiazi 2013).
The carbonyl functional group of aldehyde, ketone, and carboxylic acid present
in biomolecules acts as reducing agent by donating electrons to metallic ions to form
corresponding metallic nanoparticles (Shankar et al. 2004). Also, several protein
molecules are recognized capable of reducing metallic ions to metallic nanoparticles. They bind with the metal through their free amine groups or carboxylate ions
(Gopinath et al. 2012). They act as capping agents, thereby increasing their stability
by preventing oxidation or agglomeration. Thus, enzymes being proteinous in nature
have been used to produce metal nanoparticles (Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al.
2015; Adelere and Lateef 2016; Parashar et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2017; Ovais et al.
2018; Wadhwani et al. 2018; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020).
Among the biological systems that have been used to synthesize nanoparticles,
microalgae attract huge attention due to their ability to adsorb toxic metals and
subsequently convert them to non-toxic form (Patel et al. 2015). Microalgae are
capable of producing nanoparticles of various metals like silver, gold, palladium,
and platinum (Ebrahiminezhad et al. 2016; Khalid et al. 2017; Priyadarshini et al.
2019; Sathishkumar et al. 2019). Among the algae, microalgae are recognized as
the most suitable factories for nanoparticles synthesis, due to their high growth rate