Microbial Enzymes in Nanotechnology …
201
resulted in formation of light red-colored SeNPs after 24 h. The environmentalfriendly synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was also reported by Ahmad
et al. (2015) using α-amylase as the main reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were described by XRD, TEM and FTIR, and the particles displayed very effective antimicrobial potency against gram positive and gram
negative bacteria. Also, palladium nanoparticles have been biosynthesized using
enzymes from microbial sources. Pereira et al. (2011) reported the eco-benign
synthesis of palladium nanoparticles associated to glucose oxidase (GOx-PdNPs)
in a supramolecular arrangement. GOx molecules interact with Pd salt leading to
metal ion and FAD reduction most likely through the thiol group of cysteine 521
residues and formic acid acted as a co-adjuvant reducing mediator. GOx had a role
in the redox processes and was also essential for the stability of nanoparticles. The
synthesis occurred in two stages, the Pd bioreduction and the development of the
80 nm sized supramolecular clusters having manifold units of GOx connected to
3.5 nm sized PdNPs.
Moreover, bimetallic nanoparticles such as silver–gold alloy (Ag–AuNPs) have
been described to be synthesized using microbial enzymes. Elegbede et al. (2019)
reported the novel relevance of xylanases produced by strains of Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TE) and Aspergillus niger L3 (NE) in the eco-benign synthesis
of Ag–AuNPs. The biosynthesized Ag–AuNPs were light purple and ruby red with
surface plasmon resonance at 534 and 520 nm for TEAg–AuNPs and NEAg–AuNPs,
respectively. The anisotropic oval, spherical and irregular fashioned Ag–AuNPs had
sizes that ranged from 6.98 to 52.51 nm as made known by TEM. The biosynthesized Ag–AuNPs were reported to possess antimicrobial against clinical fungal and
bacterial isolates, antioxidant (DPPH and H 2 O 2 ), dye degradation (malachite green
and methylene blue), thrombolytic and anticoagulation activities.
3 Nanozymes: Synthesis and Applications
Operational nanomaterials having characteristics like enzymes are termed
nanozymes (Cheng et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017a; Lin et al. 2018; Yao et al. 2018), and
recently, nanozymes have become known as innovative kind of artificial or synthetic
enzymes (Wu et al. 2018). In recent years, researches are concentrated on leveraging on the catalytic capacities of chemical molecules, such as metal complexes,
cyclodextrins, porphyrins, polymeric and supramolecules, as advantage to use them
as alternatives to natural enzymes (Raynal et al. 2014). However, their biocompatibility and overall catalytic efficiency became a few of the concerns with usage of
these molecules. Moreover, the intrinsic drawbacks (such as high cost, low stability
and storage difficulty) of natural enzymes have inspired the surfacing and advances
of a variety of enzyme mimics termed artificial enzymes (Wu et al. 2019). Current
expansions in nanotechnology have resulted in an exponential increase in fabrication of natural enzyme-like nanomaterials (Nanozymes), which possess quite a lot
of intrinsic worth (Wei and Wang 2013) and as a sphere of research in the subject
201
resulted in formation of light red-colored SeNPs after 24 h. The environmentalfriendly synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles was also reported by Ahmad
et al. (2015) using α-amylase as the main reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were described by XRD, TEM and FTIR, and the particles displayed very effective antimicrobial potency against gram positive and gram
negative bacteria. Also, palladium nanoparticles have been biosynthesized using
enzymes from microbial sources. Pereira et al. (2011) reported the eco-benign
synthesis of palladium nanoparticles associated to glucose oxidase (GOx-PdNPs)
in a supramolecular arrangement. GOx molecules interact with Pd salt leading to
metal ion and FAD reduction most likely through the thiol group of cysteine 521
residues and formic acid acted as a co-adjuvant reducing mediator. GOx had a role
in the redox processes and was also essential for the stability of nanoparticles. The
synthesis occurred in two stages, the Pd bioreduction and the development of the
80 nm sized supramolecular clusters having manifold units of GOx connected to
3.5 nm sized PdNPs.
Moreover, bimetallic nanoparticles such as silver–gold alloy (Ag–AuNPs) have
been described to be synthesized using microbial enzymes. Elegbede et al. (2019)
reported the novel relevance of xylanases produced by strains of Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TE) and Aspergillus niger L3 (NE) in the eco-benign synthesis
of Ag–AuNPs. The biosynthesized Ag–AuNPs were light purple and ruby red with
surface plasmon resonance at 534 and 520 nm for TEAg–AuNPs and NEAg–AuNPs,
respectively. The anisotropic oval, spherical and irregular fashioned Ag–AuNPs had
sizes that ranged from 6.98 to 52.51 nm as made known by TEM. The biosynthesized Ag–AuNPs were reported to possess antimicrobial against clinical fungal and
bacterial isolates, antioxidant (DPPH and H 2 O 2 ), dye degradation (malachite green
and methylene blue), thrombolytic and anticoagulation activities.
3 Nanozymes: Synthesis and Applications
Operational nanomaterials having characteristics like enzymes are termed
nanozymes (Cheng et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017a; Lin et al. 2018; Yao et al. 2018), and
recently, nanozymes have become known as innovative kind of artificial or synthetic
enzymes (Wu et al. 2018). In recent years, researches are concentrated on leveraging on the catalytic capacities of chemical molecules, such as metal complexes,
cyclodextrins, porphyrins, polymeric and supramolecules, as advantage to use them
as alternatives to natural enzymes (Raynal et al. 2014). However, their biocompatibility and overall catalytic efficiency became a few of the concerns with usage of
these molecules. Moreover, the intrinsic drawbacks (such as high cost, low stability
and storage difficulty) of natural enzymes have inspired the surfacing and advances
of a variety of enzyme mimics termed artificial enzymes (Wu et al. 2019). Current
expansions in nanotechnology have resulted in an exponential increase in fabrication of natural enzyme-like nanomaterials (Nanozymes), which possess quite a lot
of intrinsic worth (Wei and Wang 2013) and as a sphere of research in the subject