Microbial Enzymes in Nanotechnology …
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lessen possibilities of post surgery infections and they are suggested to possess antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antipermeability activity
against gases such as oxygen which is essential for microbial growth (Kalishwaralal et al. 2009). The relevance of microbial enzymes in the eco-friendly synthesis of
AgNPs is still an emerging and growing field having great prospects. The application
of laccase from Lentinus edodes in the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, with the creation
of walnut-shaped nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 50–100 nm, was described
by Lateef and Adeeyo (2015). The AgNPs absorbed at 430 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum and displayed antibacterial potentials of 11–20 mm against strains of E. coli, K.
pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Also, Durán et al. (2014) reported that semipurified
laccase obtained from Trametes versicolor was employed in the biogenic synthesis
of AgNPs. This led to the fabrication of spherical-shaped AgNPs with size of the
particles below 100 nm according to TEM micrograph and it was reported that the
fabrication of AgNPs by laccase was mostly likely on account of the existence of
free cysteine as a reducing molecules.
Jang et al. (2018) reported that keratinase produced by Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia R13 was utilized as a bioreducing means for the biogenic synthesis
of AgNPs. The crystalline AgNPs were revealed to be spherical in shapes having
mean diameter of 8.4 nm by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy analysis. FTIR analysis showed that AgNPs were stabled by proteins molecules at hand
in the crude enzyme. Also, the AgNPs displayed a wide spectrum antimicrobial
effect against many pathogenic microorganisms, causing structural distortion of cells
leading to leakage of membrane and consequent lysis was proposed as the mechanism
for the antimicrobial activities. Additionally, the AgNPs displayed potent antioxidant properties in DPPH and ABTS radical mitigating activities with IC 50 of 0.0112
and 0.0243 mg/ml, respectively, in addition to anticollagenase activity with IC 50
of 23.5 mg/ml. Moreover, Lateef et al. (2015a) reported the biogenic synthesis of
AgNPs using crude keratinase obtained from Bacillus safensis LAU 13 which was
isolated from feather waste dumpsite (Lateef et al. 2015b). The spherical formed
AgNPs synthesized absorbed at 409 nm in UV–vis spectrum and TEM showed that
their sizes ranged from 5–30 nm. The AgNPs displayed good antibacterial potentials
against clinical E. coli strain in the tune of 8.6–12.5 mm. Additionally, Elegbede et al.
(2018) reported the novel use of xylanases obtained from Aspergillus niger L3 (NEA)
and Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TEA) in the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs.
The occurrence of proteineous molecules in the fungal xylanases produced in both
SmF and SSF (Elegbede and Lateef 2018) and successfully optimized (Elegbede
and Lateef 2019c) was reported to be accountable for the reduction of the Ag ions
and subsequent stabilization of the AgNPs. The brownish AgNPs was revealed to be
spherically shaped with sizes which ranged from 15.21–77.49 nm as made known by
TEM was having surface plasmon resonance at 410 and 402.5 nm for TEA-AgNPs
and NEA-AgNPs, respectively. The AgNPs were described to possess antimicrobial
(against clinical fungal and bacterial isolates), antioxidant (DPPH and H 2 O 2 ), dye
degradation (malachite green and methylene blue), thrombolytic and anticoagulation
activities.
197
lessen possibilities of post surgery infections and they are suggested to possess antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antipermeability activity
against gases such as oxygen which is essential for microbial growth (Kalishwaralal et al. 2009). The relevance of microbial enzymes in the eco-friendly synthesis of
AgNPs is still an emerging and growing field having great prospects. The application
of laccase from Lentinus edodes in the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, with the creation
of walnut-shaped nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 50–100 nm, was described
by Lateef and Adeeyo (2015). The AgNPs absorbed at 430 nm in the UV–Vis spectrum and displayed antibacterial potentials of 11–20 mm against strains of E. coli, K.
pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Also, Durán et al. (2014) reported that semipurified
laccase obtained from Trametes versicolor was employed in the biogenic synthesis
of AgNPs. This led to the fabrication of spherical-shaped AgNPs with size of the
particles below 100 nm according to TEM micrograph and it was reported that the
fabrication of AgNPs by laccase was mostly likely on account of the existence of
free cysteine as a reducing molecules.
Jang et al. (2018) reported that keratinase produced by Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia R13 was utilized as a bioreducing means for the biogenic synthesis
of AgNPs. The crystalline AgNPs were revealed to be spherical in shapes having
mean diameter of 8.4 nm by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy analysis. FTIR analysis showed that AgNPs were stabled by proteins molecules at hand
in the crude enzyme. Also, the AgNPs displayed a wide spectrum antimicrobial
effect against many pathogenic microorganisms, causing structural distortion of cells
leading to leakage of membrane and consequent lysis was proposed as the mechanism
for the antimicrobial activities. Additionally, the AgNPs displayed potent antioxidant properties in DPPH and ABTS radical mitigating activities with IC 50 of 0.0112
and 0.0243 mg/ml, respectively, in addition to anticollagenase activity with IC 50
of 23.5 mg/ml. Moreover, Lateef et al. (2015a) reported the biogenic synthesis of
AgNPs using crude keratinase obtained from Bacillus safensis LAU 13 which was
isolated from feather waste dumpsite (Lateef et al. 2015b). The spherical formed
AgNPs synthesized absorbed at 409 nm in UV–vis spectrum and TEM showed that
their sizes ranged from 5–30 nm. The AgNPs displayed good antibacterial potentials
against clinical E. coli strain in the tune of 8.6–12.5 mm. Additionally, Elegbede et al.
(2018) reported the novel use of xylanases obtained from Aspergillus niger L3 (NEA)
and Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TEA) in the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs.
The occurrence of proteineous molecules in the fungal xylanases produced in both
SmF and SSF (Elegbede and Lateef 2018) and successfully optimized (Elegbede
and Lateef 2019c) was reported to be accountable for the reduction of the Ag ions
and subsequent stabilization of the AgNPs. The brownish AgNPs was revealed to be
spherically shaped with sizes which ranged from 15.21–77.49 nm as made known by
TEM was having surface plasmon resonance at 410 and 402.5 nm for TEA-AgNPs
and NEA-AgNPs, respectively. The AgNPs were described to possess antimicrobial
(against clinical fungal and bacterial isolates), antioxidant (DPPH and H 2 O 2 ), dye
degradation (malachite green and methylene blue), thrombolytic and anticoagulation
activities.