Microbial Enzymes in Nanotechnology …
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bacteria) flourish on natural lignocelluloses in the normal ecosystems. Among the
most proficient decomposers of natural lignocelluloses and wood are white-rot fungi
and other mushrooms. Mostly, enzyme production at industrial scale involves the
exploitation of lignocellulose-degrading fungi. Many microorganisms, including
yeast, fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, can produce enzymes using various lignocellulosic substances. Filamentous fungi are able to produce enzymes to a large
degree compared with other microorganisms. Therefore, fungi are imperative for
the enzymes production for commercial purposes. Various strains of fungi that are
being widely involved in the production of enzymes are the genera Trichoderma
and Aspergillus (Abdeshahian et al. 2020). Furthermore, strain improvement is
most central to the production of enzyme of microbial sources. Strain improvement
involves microbial strain engineering which entails inserting a specific gene into a
host (production strain) for the synthesis of a specific enzyme and this host must have
a safe (GRAS) status (Illanes 2008). Achieving a GRAS status for a new organism is
difficult; therefore, cloning an enzyme structural gene into a host of GRAS category
is preferred (Sharma and Upadhyay 2020).
Natural enzymes are often inapt for industrial biocatalysis and they require modifications for most industrial applications. The production strains or hosts are frequently
modified via genetic manipulation to achieve enhanced properties and elevated levels
of production. The establishment of recombinant DNA technology has made cloning
of genes that encode for an enzyme from microbes possible, which can express them
at higher levels as much as hundreds times superior than those generated by original microorganisms. The enzyme industry has rapidly adopted the technology and
moved enzyme production from industrially unsuitable strains into industrial strains
(Sanchez and Demain 2017). Metagenomics, genomics, recombinant DNA technology and proteomics are used to assist the novel enzymes discovery from microbes
in environment and to generate or develop enhanced enzymes. Via metagenomics,
many novel and functional enzymes have been acquired (Ferrer et al. 2007). It is
implied that the enzyme market will maintain growth due to enhanced production
efficiency which results in inexpensive enzymes, new enzymes via various selection
techniques and by engineering characteristics of traditional enzymes, and new application fields. Tailoring enzymes for precise and specific applications, more comprehension of structure–function relationships and improved searching for enzymes
from unusual and exotic environments will be a potential inclination with endlessly
improving tools (Sanchez and Demain 2017).
Microbial enzyme production is cost-effective on a great scale because of inexpensive culture media and short fermentation cycles (Sanchez and Demain 2017).
There are diverse methods of fermentation by which these important enzymes may
be produced. Liquid cultures contained in huge bioreactors are preferable for the bulk
production of enzymes on commercial scale. Processes such as solid state fermentation (SSF), fermentation on inert solid supports and immobilization are also broadly
utilized for enzyme production. Submerged fermentation (SmF) which involves the
cultivation of microbial cells in liquid media kept under controlled conditions in
bioreactors for the synthesis of desired metabolites. Monitoring of process parameters via online platform and automation is some of the merits of SmF. On the other
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bacteria) flourish on natural lignocelluloses in the normal ecosystems. Among the
most proficient decomposers of natural lignocelluloses and wood are white-rot fungi
and other mushrooms. Mostly, enzyme production at industrial scale involves the
exploitation of lignocellulose-degrading fungi. Many microorganisms, including
yeast, fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, can produce enzymes using various lignocellulosic substances. Filamentous fungi are able to produce enzymes to a large
degree compared with other microorganisms. Therefore, fungi are imperative for
the enzymes production for commercial purposes. Various strains of fungi that are
being widely involved in the production of enzymes are the genera Trichoderma
and Aspergillus (Abdeshahian et al. 2020). Furthermore, strain improvement is
most central to the production of enzyme of microbial sources. Strain improvement
involves microbial strain engineering which entails inserting a specific gene into a
host (production strain) for the synthesis of a specific enzyme and this host must have
a safe (GRAS) status (Illanes 2008). Achieving a GRAS status for a new organism is
difficult; therefore, cloning an enzyme structural gene into a host of GRAS category
is preferred (Sharma and Upadhyay 2020).
Natural enzymes are often inapt for industrial biocatalysis and they require modifications for most industrial applications. The production strains or hosts are frequently
modified via genetic manipulation to achieve enhanced properties and elevated levels
of production. The establishment of recombinant DNA technology has made cloning
of genes that encode for an enzyme from microbes possible, which can express them
at higher levels as much as hundreds times superior than those generated by original microorganisms. The enzyme industry has rapidly adopted the technology and
moved enzyme production from industrially unsuitable strains into industrial strains
(Sanchez and Demain 2017). Metagenomics, genomics, recombinant DNA technology and proteomics are used to assist the novel enzymes discovery from microbes
in environment and to generate or develop enhanced enzymes. Via metagenomics,
many novel and functional enzymes have been acquired (Ferrer et al. 2007). It is
implied that the enzyme market will maintain growth due to enhanced production
efficiency which results in inexpensive enzymes, new enzymes via various selection
techniques and by engineering characteristics of traditional enzymes, and new application fields. Tailoring enzymes for precise and specific applications, more comprehension of structure–function relationships and improved searching for enzymes
from unusual and exotic environments will be a potential inclination with endlessly
improving tools (Sanchez and Demain 2017).
Microbial enzyme production is cost-effective on a great scale because of inexpensive culture media and short fermentation cycles (Sanchez and Demain 2017).
There are diverse methods of fermentation by which these important enzymes may
be produced. Liquid cultures contained in huge bioreactors are preferable for the bulk
production of enzymes on commercial scale. Processes such as solid state fermentation (SSF), fermentation on inert solid supports and immobilization are also broadly
utilized for enzyme production. Submerged fermentation (SmF) which involves the
cultivation of microbial cells in liquid media kept under controlled conditions in
bioreactors for the synthesis of desired metabolites. Monitoring of process parameters via online platform and automation is some of the merits of SmF. On the other