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J. A. Elegbede and A. Lateef
the production of metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) with the desired morphology and
sizes is of great significance in nanoscience. The method does not include toxic
chemicals mostly used in the synthetic processes, which produces some undesirable
environmental consequences (Adelere and Lateef 2016). The pursuit for obtaining
nanomaterials that are environmentally compatible and cost-effective having desired
features has resulted in various advances in green (biological) synthesis. In our laboratories, numerous biological agents like microorganism (fungi and bacteria), plants,
extracts, some arthropods and their metabolites, including enzymes have been applied
to mediate the synthesis of MeNPs (Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al. 2015a, b,
c, 2016a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h 2017; Azeez et al. 2017; Ojo et al. 2016; Oladipo et al.
2017a, b; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020; Adebayo et al. 2019a, 2019b; Aina et al.
2019). There are also comprehensive reviews that elucidated the impacts of greenly
synthesized nanoparticles in various spheres of life (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Lateef
et al. 2016e, 2018, 2019; Ovais et al. 2018a; Elegbede and Lateef 2019b; Azeez et al.
2020; Elegbede and Lateef 2020).
The search for novel biocompatible nanomaterials capable of being applied in
diverse spheres particularly the biomedical domain has impacted on the progressive
exploration of various biological resources including various enzymes of microbial origin in the fabrication of nanomaterials which in turn have expanded the
scale of applications of greenly synthesized nanomaterials. Generally, proteinaceous
compounds have been broadly applied in the biofabrication of nanomaterials. Thus,
since enzymes are proteinous in nature, preset to carry out a unique task and function
like a key in a lock, which permits each enzyme to fix together with a definite substrate
in a specifying way (Sabu 2003), and they have potentials of being a chief source of
specialized biomolecules in nanoparticles production. Majority of technical enzymes
are applied in their bulk form for manufacture of detergents, leather, textiles, paper,
pulp and biofuels among others. Over five hundred (500) commercial products have
been prepared using enzymes (Johannes and Zhao 2006), and in year 2017, the global
enzyme market size was estimated at USD 6.3 billion and it was projected to rise to
about 6.8% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) up to the year 2024 (Sharma and
Upadhyay 2020). Other ways in which enzymes are employed include animal feed,
household care, foods, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals (Sanchez and Demain
2017).
Enzymes are biomolecules that facilitate necessary chemical reactions that sustain
life and all living organisms produce them. Native and recombinant enzymes in
biopharmaceutical, chemical and agricultural industries act in various areas of diagnostics, detergents, feed, leather and textiles, paper and pulp and in plastics. Enzymes
obtained from edible tissues of both plants and animals are also generated by microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, fungi and yeasts) and are being employed for centuries
in food production (Poeta et al. 2018). Enzymes are very much specific in action
and hasten the rate of a unique reaction by decreasing the activation energy without
it going through any permanent change; therefore, they are biomolecules essential
for life support (Aldridge 2013). They require characteristically milder conditions
of temperature and pressure for facilitating reactions and are applied as substitute
to hazardous chemicals because of their nontoxic and biodegradable nature (Choi
J. A. Elegbede and A. Lateef
the production of metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) with the desired morphology and
sizes is of great significance in nanoscience. The method does not include toxic
chemicals mostly used in the synthetic processes, which produces some undesirable
environmental consequences (Adelere and Lateef 2016). The pursuit for obtaining
nanomaterials that are environmentally compatible and cost-effective having desired
features has resulted in various advances in green (biological) synthesis. In our laboratories, numerous biological agents like microorganism (fungi and bacteria), plants,
extracts, some arthropods and their metabolites, including enzymes have been applied
to mediate the synthesis of MeNPs (Lateef and Adeeyo 2015; Lateef et al. 2015a, b,
c, 2016a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h 2017; Azeez et al. 2017; Ojo et al. 2016; Oladipo et al.
2017a, b; Elegbede et al. 2018, 2019, 2020; Adebayo et al. 2019a, 2019b; Aina et al.
2019). There are also comprehensive reviews that elucidated the impacts of greenly
synthesized nanoparticles in various spheres of life (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Lateef
et al. 2016e, 2018, 2019; Ovais et al. 2018a; Elegbede and Lateef 2019b; Azeez et al.
2020; Elegbede and Lateef 2020).
The search for novel biocompatible nanomaterials capable of being applied in
diverse spheres particularly the biomedical domain has impacted on the progressive
exploration of various biological resources including various enzymes of microbial origin in the fabrication of nanomaterials which in turn have expanded the
scale of applications of greenly synthesized nanomaterials. Generally, proteinaceous
compounds have been broadly applied in the biofabrication of nanomaterials. Thus,
since enzymes are proteinous in nature, preset to carry out a unique task and function
like a key in a lock, which permits each enzyme to fix together with a definite substrate
in a specifying way (Sabu 2003), and they have potentials of being a chief source of
specialized biomolecules in nanoparticles production. Majority of technical enzymes
are applied in their bulk form for manufacture of detergents, leather, textiles, paper,
pulp and biofuels among others. Over five hundred (500) commercial products have
been prepared using enzymes (Johannes and Zhao 2006), and in year 2017, the global
enzyme market size was estimated at USD 6.3 billion and it was projected to rise to
about 6.8% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) up to the year 2024 (Sharma and
Upadhyay 2020). Other ways in which enzymes are employed include animal feed,
household care, foods, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals (Sanchez and Demain
2017).
Enzymes are biomolecules that facilitate necessary chemical reactions that sustain
life and all living organisms produce them. Native and recombinant enzymes in
biopharmaceutical, chemical and agricultural industries act in various areas of diagnostics, detergents, feed, leather and textiles, paper and pulp and in plastics. Enzymes
obtained from edible tissues of both plants and animals are also generated by microorganisms (archaea, bacteria, fungi and yeasts) and are being employed for centuries
in food production (Poeta et al. 2018). Enzymes are very much specific in action
and hasten the rate of a unique reaction by decreasing the activation energy without
it going through any permanent change; therefore, they are biomolecules essential
for life support (Aldridge 2013). They require characteristically milder conditions
of temperature and pressure for facilitating reactions and are applied as substitute
to hazardous chemicals because of their nontoxic and biodegradable nature (Choi