114
T. I. Shaheen et al.
2019; Elegbede et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2018; Lateef et al. 2018; Maaroof and
Mahmood 2019; Subramaniyan et al. 2018). Green procedure of NPs using various
biological entities can overcome a lot of the destructive effects of physical and chemical techniques. Green assembly of nanomaterials includes synthesis via plants, actinomycetes, bacteria, algae, fungi and metabolites of arthropods that allow large-scale
production of nanomaterials free from impurities (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Fouda
et al. 2019c; Iqtedar et al. 2019; Lateef et al. 2016a, b; Lotha et al. 2019; Mohamed
et al. 2019; Salem et al. 2019a). These living organisms, especially fungal cells are
qualified for synthesis of active compounds and molecules that act as stabilizing and
reducing agent for the fabrication of nanomaterials with assorted shapes, physiochemical and composition characteristics (Feroze et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2019b;
Salem et al. 2020).
2 Myconanotechnology
Myconanotechnology is defined as the science which interacts with mycology and
nanotechnology (Rabeea et al. 2020). Myconanotechnology is rising up as a quickly
improving filed with its usage in technology and science with the target goal of
combining new smart materials at nano-scale for various uses (Mohamed et al. 2019).
Myconanotechnology is an emerging field, where fungi can be harnessed for the
synthesis of NPs or nano-structures with desirable shapes and sizes (Fouda et al.
2018; Subramaniyan et al. 2018). Potential applications of myconanotechnology
have fascinated microbiologists and other investigators to contribute in providing
incremental solutions through green chemistry approaches for targeted drug delivery.
Nanoparticles have attracted worldwide attention due to their specific properties
and applications in different fields, especially in biomedical sciences (Salem et al.
2020; Saravanakumar et al. 2019; Shaheen and Abd El Aty 2018). Mycosynthesis or
mycofabrication is an unpretentious method for attaining easy and stable biological
NPs formation. Most fungi consist of significant metabolites (proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids) with greater bioaccumulation capacity and straightforward downstream
handling are easy to cultivation for the efficient and low-cost formation of NPs (Fouda
et al. 2019b; Hamedi et al. 2017).
Biological synthesis integrates biological rules (i.e., reduction/oxidation) by
fungal enzymes with physical and chemical strategies to produce nano-sized particles. NPs are solid particles with all three external dimensions at the nano-scale
(El-Sayed et al. 2020b; Elegbede et al. 2020) that can drastically amend physicochemical characteristic compared to the original bulk material. It can explicate actions
relying on the chemical composition, biological actions, size and shape (Mohamed
et al. 2019). Since metal and metal oxides NPs show considerable surface district
to volume ratio; it courts wide range of implementations in industries (El-Sayyad
et al. 2019; Mahanty et al. 2019). Many fungi have been explored for nanoparticles
mycosynthesis as Penicillium corylophilum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces
T. I. Shaheen et al.
2019; Elegbede et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2018; Lateef et al. 2018; Maaroof and
Mahmood 2019; Subramaniyan et al. 2018). Green procedure of NPs using various
biological entities can overcome a lot of the destructive effects of physical and chemical techniques. Green assembly of nanomaterials includes synthesis via plants, actinomycetes, bacteria, algae, fungi and metabolites of arthropods that allow large-scale
production of nanomaterials free from impurities (Adelere and Lateef 2016; Fouda
et al. 2019c; Iqtedar et al. 2019; Lateef et al. 2016a, b; Lotha et al. 2019; Mohamed
et al. 2019; Salem et al. 2019a). These living organisms, especially fungal cells are
qualified for synthesis of active compounds and molecules that act as stabilizing and
reducing agent for the fabrication of nanomaterials with assorted shapes, physiochemical and composition characteristics (Feroze et al. 2020; Fouda et al. 2019b;
Salem et al. 2020).
2 Myconanotechnology
Myconanotechnology is defined as the science which interacts with mycology and
nanotechnology (Rabeea et al. 2020). Myconanotechnology is rising up as a quickly
improving filed with its usage in technology and science with the target goal of
combining new smart materials at nano-scale for various uses (Mohamed et al. 2019).
Myconanotechnology is an emerging field, where fungi can be harnessed for the
synthesis of NPs or nano-structures with desirable shapes and sizes (Fouda et al.
2018; Subramaniyan et al. 2018). Potential applications of myconanotechnology
have fascinated microbiologists and other investigators to contribute in providing
incremental solutions through green chemistry approaches for targeted drug delivery.
Nanoparticles have attracted worldwide attention due to their specific properties
and applications in different fields, especially in biomedical sciences (Salem et al.
2020; Saravanakumar et al. 2019; Shaheen and Abd El Aty 2018). Mycosynthesis or
mycofabrication is an unpretentious method for attaining easy and stable biological
NPs formation. Most fungi consist of significant metabolites (proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids) with greater bioaccumulation capacity and straightforward downstream
handling are easy to cultivation for the efficient and low-cost formation of NPs (Fouda
et al. 2019b; Hamedi et al. 2017).
Biological synthesis integrates biological rules (i.e., reduction/oxidation) by
fungal enzymes with physical and chemical strategies to produce nano-sized particles. NPs are solid particles with all three external dimensions at the nano-scale
(El-Sayed et al. 2020b; Elegbede et al. 2020) that can drastically amend physicochemical characteristic compared to the original bulk material. It can explicate actions
relying on the chemical composition, biological actions, size and shape (Mohamed
et al. 2019). Since metal and metal oxides NPs show considerable surface district
to volume ratio; it courts wide range of implementations in industries (El-Sayyad
et al. 2019; Mahanty et al. 2019). Many fungi have been explored for nanoparticles
mycosynthesis as Penicillium corylophilum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces