39
13.5
21
30 32 34 36 38
40 42 44
24
27
15.0
2θ /°
2θ /°, λ
= 1.5414 Å
2 θ /°, λ
= 1.5414 Å
2 θ /°
1.2 0.9 0.6
1
2
Discharge cycling
Time/x 10 4 sec
Intensity / a.u.
Intensity / a.u.
Intensity / a.u.
Intensity / a.u.
(203)
(
1
0
3
)
(.111)
(011)
(003)
(100)
(.301)
Charge cycling
3
4
25
25
20
19
19
15
10
5
1
15
10
5
1
30
30
35
35
38
38
25
20
19
15
10
5
1
19
ss
Zn-inserted LVO
phase
15
10
5
1
19
15
10
5
1
30
35
38
25
20
30
35
38
25
20
30
35
38
5
Zn
2+
Zn (s)
0
0
50
Capacity (mAhg -1 )
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
a
b
c
d
e
f
50
100
150
200
90
92
94
96
98
100
Coulombic efficiency (%)
Cycle number
Discharge
Charge
Layered Zn
0.25+x
V
2
O
5
·zH
2
O
Layered Zn
0.25
V
2
O
5
·yH
2
O
+Zn
2+
/2e -
−H
2
O
H
2
O
0
Potential/V
Fig. 3 (a) Schematic representation of electrochemical intercalation/de-intercalation of Zn-ions into the vanadium oxide bronze, Zn
0.25 V
2 O
5 ·nH
2 O gallery and
(b) corresponding cyclability profile over 200 cycles under 1200 mA g
−1
(4C). (reprinted with permission from ref. [62]) . (c) Electrochemical discharge/charge
profile for LiV
3 O
8 cycled within 1.2–0.6 V. Corresponding in situ synchrotron XRD scans with selected regions (d) 13.2–18°, (e) 20–29.5°, (f) 30–9.5°, and
(g) 39.5–45° during the electrochemical reaction. (reprinted with permission from ref. [63])
Recent Developments of Zinc-Ion Batteries