3
Fig. 1 A market application map of grid energy storage, showing market positions of leading battery technologies. The colored numbers inside each color shaded area denote achievable cycle life
at that specific cost per kWh
Fig. 2 History of published research on Zn, Mn, or Ni electrodes, showing spikes in activity due
to (a) industrial rollout of modern alkaline Mn-Zn cells, (b) alkaline Mn-Zn overcoming Le
Clanche cells in the portable electronics market, (c) Ni-Cd and Ni-MH enter the industrial markets,
(d) proliferation of mobile telephones, and (e) growing awareness that energy storage is critical for
wind and solar power grid penetration
Aqueous Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage
Fig. 1 A market application map of grid energy storage, showing market positions of leading battery technologies. The colored numbers inside each color shaded area denote achievable cycle life
at that specific cost per kWh
Fig. 2 History of published research on Zn, Mn, or Ni electrodes, showing spikes in activity due
to (a) industrial rollout of modern alkaline Mn-Zn cells, (b) alkaline Mn-Zn overcoming Le
Clanche cells in the portable electronics market, (c) Ni-Cd and Ni-MH enter the industrial markets,
(d) proliferation of mobile telephones, and (e) growing awareness that energy storage is critical for
wind and solar power grid penetration
Aqueous Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn Batteries for Sustainable Energy Storage