band-edge potential (2.48 eV), porous surface area, flexible nature, and good
magnetic separability and recyclability. Similarly, Cu 2 O exists as crystal-facet
tailored architecture with optimal band gap (2.0 eV) and low-cost, non-toxic, and
environmentally friendly nature, thereby promoting a meritorious arena in water
remediation. However, they are accompanied with thermal instability followed by
aggregation into large composites, thereby losing the beauty of nanocomposite
nature. Convincingly, it is suitable enough to fabricate a heterojunction with
Fe 2 O 3 /Cu 2 O and g-C 3 N 4 as a surface support to avoid aggregation of metal oxides
and provide a combination of virtuous mechanical strength, large surface area, and
arrogate band gap for generation of ROS. The aforementioned detailed discussion
reiterates the indispensable contribution of Fe 2 O 3 -g-C 3 N 4 and Cu 2 O-g-C 3 N 4 nanoheterostructure photocatalytic system for pollutant elimination and microbial inactivation from water bodies. To achieve the ultimate goal of innovative synthesis for
effective photocatalytic degradation, there is an advanced ongoing research.
References
Anandan S, Wu JJ, Bahnemann D, Emeline A, Kumar M (2017) Crumpled Cu 2 O/g-C 3 N 4
nanosheets for hydrogen evolution catalysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
527:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.007
Ashik U, Kudo S, Hayashi J (2018) An overview of metal oxide nanostructures. Synthesis of
inorganic. Nanomaterials 19–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101975-7.00002-6
Babar S, Gavade N, Shinde H, Gore A, Mahajan P, Lee KH, Garadkar K (2019) An innovative
transformation of waste toner powder into magnetic g-C 3 N 4 -Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst: sustainable
e-waste management. J Environ Chem Eng:103041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103041
Bai S, Jiang J, Zhang Q, Xiong Y (2015) Steering charge kinetics in photocatalysis: intersection of
materials syntheses, characterization techniques and theoretical simulations. Chem Soc Rev 44
(10):2893–2939. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00064E
Balu S, Velmurugan S, Palanisamy S, Chen S, Velusamy V, Yang T, Shafey E (2019) Synthesis of
α-Fe 2 O 3 decorated g-C 3 N 4 /ZnO ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of tartrazine
dye in aqueous media. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 99:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.
2019.03.011
Bao Y, Chen K (2017) A novel Z-scheme visible light driven Cu 2 O/Cu/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst using
metallic copper as a charge transfer mediator. Mol Catal 432:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mcat.2017.01.008
Bernard HB, Fan WY (2006) Shape evolution of Cu 2 O nanostructures via kinetic and thermodynamic controlled growth. J Phys Chem 110(42):20801–20807. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jp061835k
Bojdys M, Müller J, Antonietti M, Thomas A (2008) Ionothermal synthesis of crystalline, condensed, graphitic carbon nitride. Chem Eur J 14:8177–8182. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.
200800190
Chai B, Yan J, Wang C, Ren Z, Zhu Y (2017) Enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of
Rhodamine B over phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride. Appl Surf Sci 391:376. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.180
Chang PY, Tseng I (2018) Photocatalytic conversion of gas phase carbon dioxide by graphitic
carbon nitride decorated with cuprous oxide with various morphologies. J CO 2 Util 26:511–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.06.009
2 Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Visible Light Harvesting and Water. . .
71
magnetic separability and recyclability. Similarly, Cu 2 O exists as crystal-facet
tailored architecture with optimal band gap (2.0 eV) and low-cost, non-toxic, and
environmentally friendly nature, thereby promoting a meritorious arena in water
remediation. However, they are accompanied with thermal instability followed by
aggregation into large composites, thereby losing the beauty of nanocomposite
nature. Convincingly, it is suitable enough to fabricate a heterojunction with
Fe 2 O 3 /Cu 2 O and g-C 3 N 4 as a surface support to avoid aggregation of metal oxides
and provide a combination of virtuous mechanical strength, large surface area, and
arrogate band gap for generation of ROS. The aforementioned detailed discussion
reiterates the indispensable contribution of Fe 2 O 3 -g-C 3 N 4 and Cu 2 O-g-C 3 N 4 nanoheterostructure photocatalytic system for pollutant elimination and microbial inactivation from water bodies. To achieve the ultimate goal of innovative synthesis for
effective photocatalytic degradation, there is an advanced ongoing research.
References
Anandan S, Wu JJ, Bahnemann D, Emeline A, Kumar M (2017) Crumpled Cu 2 O/g-C 3 N 4
nanosheets for hydrogen evolution catalysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp
527:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.007
Ashik U, Kudo S, Hayashi J (2018) An overview of metal oxide nanostructures. Synthesis of
inorganic. Nanomaterials 19–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101975-7.00002-6
Babar S, Gavade N, Shinde H, Gore A, Mahajan P, Lee KH, Garadkar K (2019) An innovative
transformation of waste toner powder into magnetic g-C 3 N 4 -Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst: sustainable
e-waste management. J Environ Chem Eng:103041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103041
Bai S, Jiang J, Zhang Q, Xiong Y (2015) Steering charge kinetics in photocatalysis: intersection of
materials syntheses, characterization techniques and theoretical simulations. Chem Soc Rev 44
(10):2893–2939. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00064E
Balu S, Velmurugan S, Palanisamy S, Chen S, Velusamy V, Yang T, Shafey E (2019) Synthesis of
α-Fe 2 O 3 decorated g-C 3 N 4 /ZnO ternary Z-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of tartrazine
dye in aqueous media. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 99:258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.
2019.03.011
Bao Y, Chen K (2017) A novel Z-scheme visible light driven Cu 2 O/Cu/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst using
metallic copper as a charge transfer mediator. Mol Catal 432:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mcat.2017.01.008
Bernard HB, Fan WY (2006) Shape evolution of Cu 2 O nanostructures via kinetic and thermodynamic controlled growth. J Phys Chem 110(42):20801–20807. https://doi.org/10.1021/
jp061835k
Bojdys M, Müller J, Antonietti M, Thomas A (2008) Ionothermal synthesis of crystalline, condensed, graphitic carbon nitride. Chem Eur J 14:8177–8182. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.
200800190
Chai B, Yan J, Wang C, Ren Z, Zhu Y (2017) Enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of
Rhodamine B over phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride. Appl Surf Sci 391:376. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.180
Chang PY, Tseng I (2018) Photocatalytic conversion of gas phase carbon dioxide by graphitic
carbon nitride decorated with cuprous oxide with various morphologies. J CO 2 Util 26:511–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.06.009
2 Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids for Visible Light Harvesting and Water. . .
71