Chapter 1 by Kemacheevakul and Chuangchote details several photocatalysis-based
technologies for remediation of organic pollutants in water, including (1) pharmaceuticals and personal care products, (2) persistent organic pollutants, and (3) organic
dyes. Additionally, modifications of heterogeneous photocatalysts by doping, composites, and utilization of electrical potential in photocatalysis with various reactor
configurations for wastewater treatment are also presented. Chapter 2 by Raizada
et al. discusses the design and synthesis of visible-light responsive g-C 3 N 4
photocatalysts in heterojunction with metal oxides of iron and copper for its insightful potential in water treatment and microbial disinfection. The major goal is to
communicate benefits obtained by metal oxides heterojunction for improving
photocatalytic degradation ability of g-C 3 N 4 . Chapter 3 by Shandilya et al. aims to
explain basic knowledge of carbon quantum dots and their classification. Several
top-down and bottom-up synthetic routes for the preparation of carbon quantum dots
are discussed in detail. Followed by a brief discussion of up-conversion phenomena
in carbon quantum dots. Further, their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity is also
discussed in detail. Chapter 4 by Shandilya et al. concisely discusses the basic
mechanism of photocatalysis, disadvantages of conventional methods, and general
classification of azo dyes. Moreover, the advantages of exploring photocatalysis for
azo dye removal are also discussed briefly. Binary, ternary, coupled semiconductor
and carbon-supported material employed for the photodegradation of azo dyes are
also discussed.
Chapter 5 by Merouani et al. details various experimental and theoretical signs of
the progress of sonochemistry for the production of hydrogen. Factors influencing
the sonochemical production of hydrogen are discussed in detail. The progress
reported herein allows to determine some interesting tendencies and perspectives
for this research but also highlights some needs for innovation. Chapter 6 by
Chakma et al. provides a brief introduction of various sono-hybrid advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of recalcitrant pollutants. It mainly describes the
synergistic mechanism of degradation process with the help of the physical and
chemical effects of ultrasound and cavitation. The chapter also provides information
about the influences of process parameters as well as the negative synergism in
hybrid advanced oxidation processes. Chapter 7 by Ambaye discusses the recent
applications of low dimensional nanostructured photocatalysts and their preparation,
characterization, and efficiency for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms. It
also highlights the processing mechanism of the photo-generated reactive oxygen
species for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms and the effect of the
chemical characteristics of the water matrix to apply on a large scale. Chapter 8 by
Kapoor et al. provides necessary information on various membrane processes
including developing processes forward osmosis and membrane distillation to
enable the selection of an appropriate membrane process for water purification,
desalination, wastewater treatment, and removal of toxic contaminants. The concept
of decentralization of waste-water treatment is proposed to recover value and ensure
a better environment. Chapter 9 by Chahkandi and Zargazi explains the importance
of new applicable nanomaterials toward fundamentals of thermodynamics, kinetical
reactions, recombination rate, and the usage methods of UV/Visible light sensitive
vi
Preface
technologies for remediation of organic pollutants in water, including (1) pharmaceuticals and personal care products, (2) persistent organic pollutants, and (3) organic
dyes. Additionally, modifications of heterogeneous photocatalysts by doping, composites, and utilization of electrical potential in photocatalysis with various reactor
configurations for wastewater treatment are also presented. Chapter 2 by Raizada
et al. discusses the design and synthesis of visible-light responsive g-C 3 N 4
photocatalysts in heterojunction with metal oxides of iron and copper for its insightful potential in water treatment and microbial disinfection. The major goal is to
communicate benefits obtained by metal oxides heterojunction for improving
photocatalytic degradation ability of g-C 3 N 4 . Chapter 3 by Shandilya et al. aims to
explain basic knowledge of carbon quantum dots and their classification. Several
top-down and bottom-up synthetic routes for the preparation of carbon quantum dots
are discussed in detail. Followed by a brief discussion of up-conversion phenomena
in carbon quantum dots. Further, their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity is also
discussed in detail. Chapter 4 by Shandilya et al. concisely discusses the basic
mechanism of photocatalysis, disadvantages of conventional methods, and general
classification of azo dyes. Moreover, the advantages of exploring photocatalysis for
azo dye removal are also discussed briefly. Binary, ternary, coupled semiconductor
and carbon-supported material employed for the photodegradation of azo dyes are
also discussed.
Chapter 5 by Merouani et al. details various experimental and theoretical signs of
the progress of sonochemistry for the production of hydrogen. Factors influencing
the sonochemical production of hydrogen are discussed in detail. The progress
reported herein allows to determine some interesting tendencies and perspectives
for this research but also highlights some needs for innovation. Chapter 6 by
Chakma et al. provides a brief introduction of various sono-hybrid advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of recalcitrant pollutants. It mainly describes the
synergistic mechanism of degradation process with the help of the physical and
chemical effects of ultrasound and cavitation. The chapter also provides information
about the influences of process parameters as well as the negative synergism in
hybrid advanced oxidation processes. Chapter 7 by Ambaye discusses the recent
applications of low dimensional nanostructured photocatalysts and their preparation,
characterization, and efficiency for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms. It
also highlights the processing mechanism of the photo-generated reactive oxygen
species for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms and the effect of the
chemical characteristics of the water matrix to apply on a large scale. Chapter 8 by
Kapoor et al. provides necessary information on various membrane processes
including developing processes forward osmosis and membrane distillation to
enable the selection of an appropriate membrane process for water purification,
desalination, wastewater treatment, and removal of toxic contaminants. The concept
of decentralization of waste-water treatment is proposed to recover value and ensure
a better environment. Chapter 9 by Chahkandi and Zargazi explains the importance
of new applicable nanomaterials toward fundamentals of thermodynamics, kinetical
reactions, recombination rate, and the usage methods of UV/Visible light sensitive
vi
Preface