Chapter 2
Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids
for Visible Light Harvesting and Water
Remediation
Pankaj Raizada, Vasudha Hasija, Pardeep Singh, and Vijay Kumar Thakur
Contents
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.1 g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 Heterojunction Photocatalyst
for Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.1 g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O Heterojunction Photocatalyst
for Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Abstract The flourishing global population, expanding industrialization, and climatic variations have led to depletion of already scarce resources. Among the
multifarious energy crises, water body deterioration has emerged at the forefront,
as there is currently no scalable provision means of conserving it. The accelerating
energy demands have been so pressing that it is indispensable to utilize highly
efficient solar energy-driven technologies for environment restoration. As a renewable solution, these advancements of tailored photocatalytic systems have gained
immense research interest in the field of water purification. In the past decade, there
has been exploitation of inherent properties of semiconductors as photocatalysts,
which thereby led to the development of modern synthesis strategies and rational
design for large-scale water remediation.
In this chapter, we reviewed value-added benefits offered by graphitic carbon
nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) photocatalyst such as its cost-effectiveness, environmentally
P. Raizada (*) · V. Hasija · P. Singh
School of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh,
India
V. K. Thakur
Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC),
Edinburgh, UK
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_2
53
Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Hybrids
for Visible Light Harvesting and Water
Remediation
Pankaj Raizada, Vasudha Hasija, Pardeep Singh, and Vijay Kumar Thakur
Contents
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.2.1 g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 2 O 3 Heterojunction Photocatalyst
for Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3 Synthetic Strategies for Fabrication of g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.1 g-C 3 N 4 /Cu 2 O Heterojunction Photocatalyst
for Removal of Recalcitrant Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Abstract The flourishing global population, expanding industrialization, and climatic variations have led to depletion of already scarce resources. Among the
multifarious energy crises, water body deterioration has emerged at the forefront,
as there is currently no scalable provision means of conserving it. The accelerating
energy demands have been so pressing that it is indispensable to utilize highly
efficient solar energy-driven technologies for environment restoration. As a renewable solution, these advancements of tailored photocatalytic systems have gained
immense research interest in the field of water purification. In the past decade, there
has been exploitation of inherent properties of semiconductors as photocatalysts,
which thereby led to the development of modern synthesis strategies and rational
design for large-scale water remediation.
In this chapter, we reviewed value-added benefits offered by graphitic carbon
nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) photocatalyst such as its cost-effectiveness, environmentally
P. Raizada (*) · V. Hasija · P. Singh
School of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh,
India
V. K. Thakur
Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC),
Edinburgh, UK
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_2
53