Tables 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 conclude several modification strategies for remediation
of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, persistent organic pollutants, and
organic dyes in water.
1.5.1 Doping
Doping of semiconductor photocatalysts with one or more foreign ions is one of the
promising modification strategies to enhance the photocatalytic activity of
photocatalyst under UV irradiation and shift the absorption wavelength to visible
light. Metal doping displays a successful approach for modifications of
photocatalysts with improved photonic efficiencies (Coronado et al. 2013). Metaldoped photocatalysts, such as Fe-doped TiO 2 , Bi-doped TiO 2 , Ni-doped TiO 2 ,
Pt-doped ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Au-doped ZnO, were published in the recent
years (Lin et al. 2017; Bhatia and Dhir 2016; Vaiano et al. 2019). The nonmetaldoped photocatalysts are also available in the literature such as N-doped TiO 2
(Shetty et al. 2017) and S-doped TiO 2 (Yi et al. 2019). Doping can be done by
Table 1.7 Photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water using
modified photocatalysts
Modification
strategy
Photocatalyst
Organic pollutant
Reference
Doping
Fe-doped TiO 2
Carbamazepine
Lin et al. (2017)
Ibuprofen
Sulfamethoxazole
Bi-doped TiO 2
Ibuprofen
Bhatia and Dhir
(2016)
Ni-doped TiO 2
N-doped TiO 2
Ciprofloxacin
Shetty et al. (2017)
Naproxen
Paracetamol
S-doped TiO 2
Diclofenac
Yi et al. (2019)
Pt-doped ZnO
Caffeine
Vaiano et al. (2019)
Ag-doped ZnO
Au-doped ZnO
Composite
Mg-ZnO-Al 2 O 3
Caffeine
Elhalil et al. (2018)
TiO 2 /reduced graphene oxide
Carbamazepine
Lin et al. (2017)
Ibuprofen
Sulfamethoxazole
Multi-walled carbon nanotubesTiO 2 -SiO 2
Acetaminophen
Czech and TyszczukRotko (2018)
ZnO-zeolite
Benzophenone
caffeine
Jagannatha et al.
(2019)
Photoelectrode TiO 2 nanopore array
Tetracycline
Liu et al. (2009)
TiO 2 /SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4
Diclofenac
Hu et al. (2011)
30
P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote
of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, persistent organic pollutants, and
organic dyes in water.
1.5.1 Doping
Doping of semiconductor photocatalysts with one or more foreign ions is one of the
promising modification strategies to enhance the photocatalytic activity of
photocatalyst under UV irradiation and shift the absorption wavelength to visible
light. Metal doping displays a successful approach for modifications of
photocatalysts with improved photonic efficiencies (Coronado et al. 2013). Metaldoped photocatalysts, such as Fe-doped TiO 2 , Bi-doped TiO 2 , Ni-doped TiO 2 ,
Pt-doped ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Au-doped ZnO, were published in the recent
years (Lin et al. 2017; Bhatia and Dhir 2016; Vaiano et al. 2019). The nonmetaldoped photocatalysts are also available in the literature such as N-doped TiO 2
(Shetty et al. 2017) and S-doped TiO 2 (Yi et al. 2019). Doping can be done by
Table 1.7 Photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water using
modified photocatalysts
Modification
strategy
Photocatalyst
Organic pollutant
Reference
Doping
Fe-doped TiO 2
Carbamazepine
Lin et al. (2017)
Ibuprofen
Sulfamethoxazole
Bi-doped TiO 2
Ibuprofen
Bhatia and Dhir
(2016)
Ni-doped TiO 2
N-doped TiO 2
Ciprofloxacin
Shetty et al. (2017)
Naproxen
Paracetamol
S-doped TiO 2
Diclofenac
Yi et al. (2019)
Pt-doped ZnO
Caffeine
Vaiano et al. (2019)
Ag-doped ZnO
Au-doped ZnO
Composite
Mg-ZnO-Al 2 O 3
Caffeine
Elhalil et al. (2018)
TiO 2 /reduced graphene oxide
Carbamazepine
Lin et al. (2017)
Ibuprofen
Sulfamethoxazole
Multi-walled carbon nanotubesTiO 2 -SiO 2
Acetaminophen
Czech and TyszczukRotko (2018)
ZnO-zeolite
Benzophenone
caffeine
Jagannatha et al.
(2019)
Photoelectrode TiO 2 nanopore array
Tetracycline
Liu et al. (2009)
TiO 2 /SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4
Diclofenac
Hu et al. (2011)
30
P. Kemacheevakul and S. Chuangchote