membrane showed that it has a high photocatalytic activity, obtaining almost
complete mineralization of the antibiotics studied in only 2 hours of irradiation.
Acknowledgments Authors recognize the financial support from R&D Team Leader of B.I.T. s.r.
l., Milan (Italy), and of Professor Ignazio Renato Bellobono, who generously offered the testing
installation.
References
Ahmed S, Rasul MG, Martens WN, Brown R, Hashib MA (2010) Heterogeneous photocatalytic
degradation of phenols in wastewater: a review on current status and developments. Desalination 261:3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.062
Alaton IA, Dogruel S, Baykal E, Gerone G (2004) Combined chemical and biological oxidation of
penicillin formulation effluent. J Environ Manag 73:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jenvman.2004.06.007
Alexy R, Kümpel T, Kümmerer K (2004) Assessment of degradation of 18 antibiotics in the closed
bottle test. Chemosphere 57:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.024
Andreozzi R, Caprio V, Insola A, Marotta R (1999) Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water
purification and recovery. Catal Today 53:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)
00102-9
Argurio P, Fontananova E, Molinari R, Drioli E (2018) Photocatalytic membranes in photocatalytic
membrane reactors. Processes 6:162. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6090162
Benitez FJ, Beltran-Heredia J, Acero JL, Rubio FJ (1999) Chemical decomposition of 2,4,6trichlorophenol by ozone, Fenton’s reagent, and UV radiation. Ind Eng Chem Res
38:1341–1349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980441f
Borghi AA, Silva MF, Al Arni S, Converti A, Palma MSA (2015) Doxycycline degradation by the
oxidative Fenton process. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/492030
Bossmann SH, Oliveros E, Göb S, Siegwart S, Dahlen EP, Payawan L, Straub M, Wörner M, Braun
AM (1998) New evidence against hydroxyl radicals as reactive intermediates in the thermal and
photochemically enhanced Fenton reactions. Chem A Eur J 102:5542–5550. https://doi.org/10.
1021/jp980129j
Bound JP, Voulvoulis N (2004) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment - a comparison of risk
assessment strategies. Chemosphere 56:1143–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2004.05.010
Byrne C, Subramanian G, Pillai SC (2018) Recent advances in photocatalysis for environmental
applications. J Environ Chem Eng 6:3531–3555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.080
de Luna MDG, Briones RM, Su C-C, Lu M-C (2013) Kinetics of acetaminophen degradation by
Fenton oxidation in a fluidized-bed reactor. Chemosphere 90:1444–1448. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.003
de Oliveira D, Martini William S, Santos Mellina DR, Matos Maria Auxiliadora C, da Rocha Lilian
L (2015) Caffeine oxidation in water by Fenton and Fenton-like processes: effects of inorganic
anions and ecotoxicological evaluation on aquatic organisms. J Braz Chem Soc 26(1):178–184.
https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140237
Dodson LG, Vogt RA, Marks J, Reichardt C, Crespo-Hernández CE (2011) Photophysical and
photochemical properties of the pharmaceutical compound salbutamol in aqueous solutions.
Chemosphere 83:1513–1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.048
Ferreira GF, Maniero MG, Guimarães JRC (2015) Degradation of sucralose by peroxidation
assisted with ultraviolet radiation and photo-Fenton. Int J Eng Technol 7:438–444. https://doi.
org/10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.833
426
C. Orbeci et al.
complete mineralization of the antibiotics studied in only 2 hours of irradiation.
Acknowledgments Authors recognize the financial support from R&D Team Leader of B.I.T. s.r.
l., Milan (Italy), and of Professor Ignazio Renato Bellobono, who generously offered the testing
installation.
References
Ahmed S, Rasul MG, Martens WN, Brown R, Hashib MA (2010) Heterogeneous photocatalytic
degradation of phenols in wastewater: a review on current status and developments. Desalination 261:3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.062
Alaton IA, Dogruel S, Baykal E, Gerone G (2004) Combined chemical and biological oxidation of
penicillin formulation effluent. J Environ Manag 73:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jenvman.2004.06.007
Alexy R, Kümpel T, Kümmerer K (2004) Assessment of degradation of 18 antibiotics in the closed
bottle test. Chemosphere 57:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.024
Andreozzi R, Caprio V, Insola A, Marotta R (1999) Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water
purification and recovery. Catal Today 53:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(99)
00102-9
Argurio P, Fontananova E, Molinari R, Drioli E (2018) Photocatalytic membranes in photocatalytic
membrane reactors. Processes 6:162. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6090162
Benitez FJ, Beltran-Heredia J, Acero JL, Rubio FJ (1999) Chemical decomposition of 2,4,6trichlorophenol by ozone, Fenton’s reagent, and UV radiation. Ind Eng Chem Res
38:1341–1349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980441f
Borghi AA, Silva MF, Al Arni S, Converti A, Palma MSA (2015) Doxycycline degradation by the
oxidative Fenton process. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/492030
Bossmann SH, Oliveros E, Göb S, Siegwart S, Dahlen EP, Payawan L, Straub M, Wörner M, Braun
AM (1998) New evidence against hydroxyl radicals as reactive intermediates in the thermal and
photochemically enhanced Fenton reactions. Chem A Eur J 102:5542–5550. https://doi.org/10.
1021/jp980129j
Bound JP, Voulvoulis N (2004) Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment - a comparison of risk
assessment strategies. Chemosphere 56:1143–1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2004.05.010
Byrne C, Subramanian G, Pillai SC (2018) Recent advances in photocatalysis for environmental
applications. J Environ Chem Eng 6:3531–3555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.07.080
de Luna MDG, Briones RM, Su C-C, Lu M-C (2013) Kinetics of acetaminophen degradation by
Fenton oxidation in a fluidized-bed reactor. Chemosphere 90:1444–1448. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.003
de Oliveira D, Martini William S, Santos Mellina DR, Matos Maria Auxiliadora C, da Rocha Lilian
L (2015) Caffeine oxidation in water by Fenton and Fenton-like processes: effects of inorganic
anions and ecotoxicological evaluation on aquatic organisms. J Braz Chem Soc 26(1):178–184.
https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140237
Dodson LG, Vogt RA, Marks J, Reichardt C, Crespo-Hernández CE (2011) Photophysical and
photochemical properties of the pharmaceutical compound salbutamol in aqueous solutions.
Chemosphere 83:1513–1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.048
Ferreira GF, Maniero MG, Guimarães JRC (2015) Degradation of sucralose by peroxidation
assisted with ultraviolet radiation and photo-Fenton. Int J Eng Technol 7:438–444. https://doi.
org/10.7763/IJET.2015.V7.833
426
C. Orbeci et al.