Chapter 12
Functionalized Ionic Liquids
for the Photodegradation of Dyes
Dipesh S. Patle, Vijay Khajone, Pundlik R. Bhagat, Arvind K. Jaiswal, and
Sushil Kumar
Contents
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
12.2 Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
12.3 Functionalization of Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
12.4 Applications of IL in Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
12.5 Degradation of Dyes Using Functionalized Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
12.6 Case Study: Photodegradation of Organic Dyes, Methylene Blue, and Congo Red
Using a Polymer-Supported Ionic Liquid Fe-Porphyrin Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
12.6.1 Synthesis of a Polymer-Supported Ionic Liquid Fe-Porphyrin Complex . . . . . 398
12.6.2 Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
12.6.3 Possible Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
12.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Abstract From the last few decades, environmental pollution is one of the major
problems of the modern world. Increased industrialization has caused a serious
problem of water pollution as it has led to the discharge of toxic and hazardous
chemicals into the water bodies. Dyes are the main class of organic compounds that
pollute the water. Hence, their effective removal is inescapable. The presence of
metal ions is also a serious problem. Due to low volatility, chemical stability, and
chelating abilities of ionic liquids, the application of functionalized ionic liquids can
effectively reduce the amount of these pollutants.
In this chapter, the properties of ionic liquids which make them suitable for
wastewater treatment are presented, and design ability of the functionalized ionic
D. S. Patle · A. K. Jaiswal · S. Kumar (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,
Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: dipesh-patle@mnnit.ac.in
V. Khajone · P. R. Bhagat (*)
School of Advance Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_12
391
Functionalized Ionic Liquids
for the Photodegradation of Dyes
Dipesh S. Patle, Vijay Khajone, Pundlik R. Bhagat, Arvind K. Jaiswal, and
Sushil Kumar
Contents
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
12.2 Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
12.3 Functionalization of Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
12.4 Applications of IL in Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
12.5 Degradation of Dyes Using Functionalized Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
12.6 Case Study: Photodegradation of Organic Dyes, Methylene Blue, and Congo Red
Using a Polymer-Supported Ionic Liquid Fe-Porphyrin Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
12.6.1 Synthesis of a Polymer-Supported Ionic Liquid Fe-Porphyrin Complex . . . . . 398
12.6.2 Photodegradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
12.6.3 Possible Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
12.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Abstract From the last few decades, environmental pollution is one of the major
problems of the modern world. Increased industrialization has caused a serious
problem of water pollution as it has led to the discharge of toxic and hazardous
chemicals into the water bodies. Dyes are the main class of organic compounds that
pollute the water. Hence, their effective removal is inescapable. The presence of
metal ions is also a serious problem. Due to low volatility, chemical stability, and
chelating abilities of ionic liquids, the application of functionalized ionic liquids can
effectively reduce the amount of these pollutants.
In this chapter, the properties of ionic liquids which make them suitable for
wastewater treatment are presented, and design ability of the functionalized ionic
D. S. Patle · A. K. Jaiswal · S. Kumar (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,
Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: dipesh-patle@mnnit.ac.in
V. Khajone · P. R. Bhagat (*)
School of Advance Science, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_12
391