Chapter 10
Bismuth-Based Compounds as Visible Light
Photocatalyst for Remediation and Water
Splitting
Mahboobeh Zargazi and Mohammad Chahkandi
Contents
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
10.2 Photocatalyst Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
10.2.1 BiÀcompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
10.2.2 Modification of BiÀcompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
10.3.1 Water Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
10.3.2 Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
10.4 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Abstract Enhancing demand for environmental protection has become an urgent
need more than ever. For this purpose, water the most known indispensable essences
for survivorship of aboveground organisms should be specifically considered.
Today, quality of water as dominant source influence of the animate systems has
been endangered by various harmful contamination levels. Accordingly, rescuing
approaches and cleaning compounds in safe manner demanding for improvement of
the quality of potable and industrial utilizing waters are daily pursued. Different
materials of bismuth having layered structures, hybridized orbitals, low band gap,
and band positions can be attended because of significant ability of water remediation. At this book chapter, we reviewed the photocatalytic efficiency of
BiÀcompounds, the heterojunction and ZÀscheme composites of them, and the
synthetization method. Heterojunction or ZÀscheme combinations led to obtain
high separation photogenerated electronsÀhole and reduction of the recombination
rate. Furthermore, type II of heterojunction and ZÀscheme connections with other
M. Zargazi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
M. Chahkandi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
e-mail: m.chahkandi@hsu.ac.ir
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_10
321
Bismuth-Based Compounds as Visible Light
Photocatalyst for Remediation and Water
Splitting
Mahboobeh Zargazi and Mohammad Chahkandi
Contents
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
10.2 Photocatalyst Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
10.2.1 BiÀcompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
10.2.2 Modification of BiÀcompounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
10.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
10.3.1 Water Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
10.3.2 Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
10.4 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Abstract Enhancing demand for environmental protection has become an urgent
need more than ever. For this purpose, water the most known indispensable essences
for survivorship of aboveground organisms should be specifically considered.
Today, quality of water as dominant source influence of the animate systems has
been endangered by various harmful contamination levels. Accordingly, rescuing
approaches and cleaning compounds in safe manner demanding for improvement of
the quality of potable and industrial utilizing waters are daily pursued. Different
materials of bismuth having layered structures, hybridized orbitals, low band gap,
and band positions can be attended because of significant ability of water remediation. At this book chapter, we reviewed the photocatalytic efficiency of
BiÀcompounds, the heterojunction and ZÀscheme composites of them, and the
synthetization method. Heterojunction or ZÀscheme combinations led to obtain
high separation photogenerated electronsÀhole and reduction of the recombination
rate. Furthermore, type II of heterojunction and ZÀscheme connections with other
M. Zargazi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
M. Chahkandi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
e-mail: m.chahkandi@hsu.ac.ir
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_10
321