Chapter 9
Nanomaterials for the Photoremediation
of Pollutants
Mohammad Chahkandi and Mahboobeh Zargazi
Contents
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.1 General Views of Photocatalytic Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.2 Photo-Effective Nanostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2 Principles of Photocatalytic Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2.1 Sunlight Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2.2 Mechanistic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
9.2.3 Thermodynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.2.4 Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.3 The Mechanistic Aspects of Visible/Sunlight Photoactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
9.3.1 Heterogeneous Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.3.2 Z-Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.3.3 pÀn Junction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.4 Ion-Exchangeable Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.3.5 Photocatalytic Compounds Kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.4 Future Remarks and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Abstract The restricted global fear within contaminated ecosystem has been motivated the impress works to employ the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and pesticides. Generally, stability and water solubility of pesticides cause
high impacts on environment due to high resistance in ecosystem. Heterogeneous
nano-photocatalyst can be introduced as one of the most appealing technologies
bearing great remediation performance because of the high surface area and intense
correlated activity. The heterogeneous catalytic nanomaterials have been operated to
M. Chahkandi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
e-mail: m.chahkandi@hsu.ac.ir
M. Zargazi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_9
283
Nanomaterials for the Photoremediation
of Pollutants
Mohammad Chahkandi and Mahboobeh Zargazi
Contents
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.1 General Views of Photocatalytic Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.2 Photo-Effective Nanostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2 Principles of Photocatalytic Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2.1 Sunlight Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
9.2.2 Mechanistic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
9.2.3 Thermodynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.2.4 Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.3 The Mechanistic Aspects of Visible/Sunlight Photoactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
9.3.1 Heterogeneous Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
9.3.2 Z-Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.3.3 pÀn Junction Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.4 Ion-Exchangeable Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.3.5 Photocatalytic Compounds Kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.4 Future Remarks and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Abstract The restricted global fear within contaminated ecosystem has been motivated the impress works to employ the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and pesticides. Generally, stability and water solubility of pesticides cause
high impacts on environment due to high resistance in ecosystem. Heterogeneous
nano-photocatalyst can be introduced as one of the most appealing technologies
bearing great remediation performance because of the high surface area and intense
correlated activity. The heterogeneous catalytic nanomaterials have been operated to
M. Chahkandi (*)
Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
e-mail: m.chahkandi@hsu.ac.ir
M. Zargazi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_9
283