larger lateral size (Li et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2016; Munoz-Batista et al.
2016).
Sliver ion (Ag
+
) has has high charge transfer in the vsiblie light as wellas it is
toxic to bacteria celle. for this reason, the combination of Ag with g-C 3 N 4 has led to
heterojunction of the photocatalytic materials showing higher efficiency for water
disinfection (Bosetti et al. 2002; Chou et al. 2005; Deng et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017;
Ma et al. 2016). However, large-scale applications must consider the reusability of
Ag-based photocatalysts for water disinfection because the release of silver may
affect human health. At the same time, this can lead to photoconversion which
further affects the Ag disinfection property (Deng et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017).
Another interesting method for exploitation g-C 3 N 4 is to combine it with other
materials like graphene oxide/TiO 2 /Ag and graphene. The use of graphene and its
derivatives as photocatalytic materials enhances the charge separation and responds
to both ultraviolet and visible light irradiations (Sun et al. 2017). Liu et al. (2016)
reported that the hybrid graphene oxide/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic material showed
higher efficiency than pure g-C 3 N 4 in the disinfection of E. coli cells. Wang et al.
(2013a) also reported similar trends on this approach, and they confirmed the use of
hybrid graphene oxide/g-C 3 N 4 as photocatalytic material in large-scale application
leads to high photostability, low leakage of elements, and having consistent performance in the disinfection over several runs.
Even if titanium dioxide as photocatalytic material shows high performance in the
disinfection process under ultraviolet region (Fagan et al. 2016; Matsunaga et al.
1985b; Reddy et al. 2017; Wei et al. 1994), the combination of TiO 2 with g-C 3 N 4
could lead to high-performance photocatalytic material for water disinfection process (Gu et al. 2017; Ong 2017; Song et al. 2016; Wei et al. 2017). Recent
publications have provided evidence of hybrid TiO 2 -g-C 3 N 4 composite
photocatalytic material for microorganism removal. Li et al. (2015) proposed in
their research to remove E. coli from wastewater using hybrid TiO 2 -graphitic carbon
nitride photocatalytic material produced by hydrothermal–calcination approach.
Their results show that the hybrid composite photocatalytic material removed
E. coli within 180 min under visible light. This activity is fast compared with pure
TiO 2 and pure graphitic carbon nitride. They attributed this activity to the high
charge transfer efficiency by the hybrid TiO 2 -graphitic carbon nitride composite.
Pure graphitic carbon nitride showed less photocatalytic disinfection kinetics with
about 6 log reduction of bacterial cells within 300 min under visible light irradiation.
However, the heterostructure photocatalyst material has low oxidation potential
in the decomposition of a pharmaceutical compound such as acyclovir (Li et al.
2016a). This opens a new research area for the deveopment Z-scheme hetrojunctions
of photocatalytic materia using heterojunction-based graphitic carbon nitride material that has high oxidation and reduction ablity to wards graphitic carbon
nitride (Jiang et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2014).
According to Xia et al. (2017), hybrid photocatalytic material combining g-C 3 N 4
with Bi 2 O 4 using the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism for E. coli disinfection
was prepared. Z-scheme involves a two-step photoexcitation (ref). The results show
that the Z-photocatalytic scheme material (monoclinic m-Bi 2 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 ) shows
7 Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Bacterial Disinfection
225
2016).
Sliver ion (Ag
+
) has has high charge transfer in the vsiblie light as wellas it is
toxic to bacteria celle. for this reason, the combination of Ag with g-C 3 N 4 has led to
heterojunction of the photocatalytic materials showing higher efficiency for water
disinfection (Bosetti et al. 2002; Chou et al. 2005; Deng et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017;
Ma et al. 2016). However, large-scale applications must consider the reusability of
Ag-based photocatalysts for water disinfection because the release of silver may
affect human health. At the same time, this can lead to photoconversion which
further affects the Ag disinfection property (Deng et al. 2017; Li et al. 2017).
Another interesting method for exploitation g-C 3 N 4 is to combine it with other
materials like graphene oxide/TiO 2 /Ag and graphene. The use of graphene and its
derivatives as photocatalytic materials enhances the charge separation and responds
to both ultraviolet and visible light irradiations (Sun et al. 2017). Liu et al. (2016)
reported that the hybrid graphene oxide/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic material showed
higher efficiency than pure g-C 3 N 4 in the disinfection of E. coli cells. Wang et al.
(2013a) also reported similar trends on this approach, and they confirmed the use of
hybrid graphene oxide/g-C 3 N 4 as photocatalytic material in large-scale application
leads to high photostability, low leakage of elements, and having consistent performance in the disinfection over several runs.
Even if titanium dioxide as photocatalytic material shows high performance in the
disinfection process under ultraviolet region (Fagan et al. 2016; Matsunaga et al.
1985b; Reddy et al. 2017; Wei et al. 1994), the combination of TiO 2 with g-C 3 N 4
could lead to high-performance photocatalytic material for water disinfection process (Gu et al. 2017; Ong 2017; Song et al. 2016; Wei et al. 2017). Recent
publications have provided evidence of hybrid TiO 2 -g-C 3 N 4 composite
photocatalytic material for microorganism removal. Li et al. (2015) proposed in
their research to remove E. coli from wastewater using hybrid TiO 2 -graphitic carbon
nitride photocatalytic material produced by hydrothermal–calcination approach.
Their results show that the hybrid composite photocatalytic material removed
E. coli within 180 min under visible light. This activity is fast compared with pure
TiO 2 and pure graphitic carbon nitride. They attributed this activity to the high
charge transfer efficiency by the hybrid TiO 2 -graphitic carbon nitride composite.
Pure graphitic carbon nitride showed less photocatalytic disinfection kinetics with
about 6 log reduction of bacterial cells within 300 min under visible light irradiation.
However, the heterostructure photocatalyst material has low oxidation potential
in the decomposition of a pharmaceutical compound such as acyclovir (Li et al.
2016a). This opens a new research area for the deveopment Z-scheme hetrojunctions
of photocatalytic materia using heterojunction-based graphitic carbon nitride material that has high oxidation and reduction ablity to wards graphitic carbon
nitride (Jiang et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2014).
According to Xia et al. (2017), hybrid photocatalytic material combining g-C 3 N 4
with Bi 2 O 4 using the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism for E. coli disinfection
was prepared. Z-scheme involves a two-step photoexcitation (ref). The results show
that the Z-photocatalytic scheme material (monoclinic m-Bi 2 O 4 /g-C 3 N 4 ) shows
7 Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Bacterial Disinfection
225