Chapter 6
Degradation Mechanism of Pollutants Using
Sono-hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes
Sankar Chakma, Prachi Upadhyay, and Bablu Alawa
Contents
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2 Sonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.2.1 Influence of Initial Bubble Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.2.2 Effect of Static Pressure During Sonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Cavitation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3 Sono-photolysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.4 Sono–Photo-Fenton Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 200
6.5 Sono–Photo-Fenton–Ferrioxalate System . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 202
6.6 Sono-photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.7 Sono-persulfate Oxidation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Abstract Water is one of the essential components of our daily lives especially in
agriculture, domestic care, and process industry. Though the world is covered with
almost 70% of water, only 1% of water is accessible out of 2.5% freshwater.
Therefore, it is very essential to recycle water to fulfill the demand of the growing
population. On the other hand, many chemical process industries including textile
are discharging wastewater directly to the environment without any proper treatment
which causes contamination of surface water as well as groundwater including the
rivers. Therefore, treatment of wastewater has become a concern of the scientific
community.
This chapter also provides a brief introduction of advanced techniques for
treatment of contaminated water including the synergistic effect of hybrid processes.
Also, a detailed discussion on the effect of negative synergy due to simultaneous
S. Chakma (*) · P. Upadhyay · B. Alawa
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
e-mail: schakma@iiserb.ac.in
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_6
189
Degradation Mechanism of Pollutants Using
Sono-hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes
Sankar Chakma, Prachi Upadhyay, and Bablu Alawa
Contents
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2 Sonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.2.1 Influence of Initial Bubble Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.2.2 Effect of Static Pressure During Sonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Cavitation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3 Sono-photolysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.4 Sono–Photo-Fenton Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 200
6.5 Sono–Photo-Fenton–Ferrioxalate System . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 202
6.6 Sono-photocatalysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.7 Sono-persulfate Oxidation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Abstract Water is one of the essential components of our daily lives especially in
agriculture, domestic care, and process industry. Though the world is covered with
almost 70% of water, only 1% of water is accessible out of 2.5% freshwater.
Therefore, it is very essential to recycle water to fulfill the demand of the growing
population. On the other hand, many chemical process industries including textile
are discharging wastewater directly to the environment without any proper treatment
which causes contamination of surface water as well as groundwater including the
rivers. Therefore, treatment of wastewater has become a concern of the scientific
community.
This chapter also provides a brief introduction of advanced techniques for
treatment of contaminated water including the synergistic effect of hybrid processes.
Also, a detailed discussion on the effect of negative synergy due to simultaneous
S. Chakma (*) · P. Upadhyay · B. Alawa
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
e-mail: schakma@iiserb.ac.in
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_6
189