Chapter 4
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes
in Water
Pooja Shandilya, Pankaj Raizada, and Pardeep Singh
Contents
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2 Binary Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3 Ternary Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4 Coupled Semiconductor for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.5 Carbon-Supported Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.6 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Abstract Photocatalysis is an emerging method toward wastewater treatment as it
needs just an appropriate amount of photocatalyst and renewable solar energy. Water
pollution due to continuous dispense of hazardous industrial effluents into the water
badly damages the quality of water and poses an utmost threat to the environment.
Degrading industrial pollutant into non-toxic compounds by advanced oxidation
method has attracted the scientific community. Degradation of a nonbiodegradable
azo dyes used in textile, printing, leather, and food industries, by heterogeneous
photocatalysis is utmost needed. By the virtue of excellent optical, electronic,
efficient light harvesting, tunable photoluminescence, and upconversion property
of carbonaceous material, its usage as photocatalytic material is more advantageous.
Carbon material displayed extensive application in various fields like drug delivery,
photocatalysis, optoelectronics devices, and photovoltaic.
We reviewed various binary, ternary, coupled, and carbon-supported
photocatalytic systems for the removal of azo dye, as well as other reported systems
adopted for azo dye removal. This book chapter concisely comprises the basic
P. Shandilya · P. Raizada · P. Singh (*)
School of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
Himalayan Centre for Excellence in Nanotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_4
119
Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes
in Water
Pooja Shandilya, Pankaj Raizada, and Pardeep Singh
Contents
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2 Binary Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3 Ternary Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4 Coupled Semiconductor for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.5 Carbon-Supported Photocatalyst for Azo Dye Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.6 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Abstract Photocatalysis is an emerging method toward wastewater treatment as it
needs just an appropriate amount of photocatalyst and renewable solar energy. Water
pollution due to continuous dispense of hazardous industrial effluents into the water
badly damages the quality of water and poses an utmost threat to the environment.
Degrading industrial pollutant into non-toxic compounds by advanced oxidation
method has attracted the scientific community. Degradation of a nonbiodegradable
azo dyes used in textile, printing, leather, and food industries, by heterogeneous
photocatalysis is utmost needed. By the virtue of excellent optical, electronic,
efficient light harvesting, tunable photoluminescence, and upconversion property
of carbonaceous material, its usage as photocatalytic material is more advantageous.
Carbon material displayed extensive application in various fields like drug delivery,
photocatalysis, optoelectronics devices, and photovoltaic.
We reviewed various binary, ternary, coupled, and carbon-supported
photocatalytic systems for the removal of azo dye, as well as other reported systems
adopted for azo dye removal. This book chapter concisely comprises the basic
P. Shandilya · P. Raizada · P. Singh (*)
School of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
Himalayan Centre for Excellence in Nanotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, HP, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Photocatalysis,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 57,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54723-3_4
119