activity for the degradation of tetracycline. Appl Catal B Environ 229:96–104. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.011
Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens WA (2004) Electrophoretic
analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem
Soc 126(40):12736–12737. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja040082h
Xu M, Deng G, Liu S, Chen S, Cui D, Yang L, Wang Q (2010) Free cadmium ions released from
CdTe-based nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity on phaeodactylum tricornutum. Metallomics 2
(7):469–473. https://doi.org/10.1039/C005387M
Yang Y, Wu D, Han S, Hu P, Liu R (2013a) Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent carbon dots
with uniform morphology via a soft–hard template approach. Chem Commun 49
(43):4920–4922. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC38815H
Yang Z, Li Z, Xu M, Ma Y, Zhang J, Su Y, Gao F, Wei H, Zhang L (2013b) Controllable synthesis
of fluorescent carbon dots and their detection application as nanoprobes. Nano-Micro Lett 5
(4):247–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353756
Yang P, Zhu Z, Chen M, Chen W, Zhou X (2018) Microwave-assisted synthesis of xylan-derived
carbon quantum dots for tetracycline sensing. Opt Mater 85:329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
optmat.2018.06.034
Yu H, Zhang H, Huang H, Liu Y, Li H, Ming H, Kang Z (2012) ZnO/carbon quantum dots
nanocomposites: one-step fabrication and superior photocatalytic ability for toxic gas degradation under visible light at room temperature. New J Chem 36(4):1031–1035. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C2NJ20959D
Yuan F, Li S, Fan Z, Meng X, Fan L, Yang S (2016) Shining carbon dots: synthesis and biomedical
and optoelectronic applications. Nano Today 11(5):565–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.
2016.08.006
Zhang YQ, Ma DK, Zhang YG, Chen W, Huang SM (2013) N-doped carbon quantum dots for
TiO 2 -based photocatalysts and dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Energy 2(5):545–552. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.07.010
Zhang H, Zhao L, Geng F, Guo LH, Wan B, Yang Y (2016) Carbon dots decorated graphitic carbon
nitride as an efficient metal-free photocatalyst for phenol degradation. Appl Catal B Environ
180:656–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.056
Zhang Z, Zheng T, Xu J, Zeng H, Zhang N (2017) Carbon quantum Dots/Bi 2 WO 6 composites for
efficient photocatalytic pollutant degradation and hydrogen evolution. Nano 12(07):1750082.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793292017500825
Zhang Q, Chen P, Zhuo M, Wang F, Su Y, Chen T, Yao K, Cai Z, Lv W, Liu G (2018) Degradation
of indometacin by simulated sunlight activated CDs-loaded BiPO 4 photocatalyst: roles of
oxidative species. Appl Catal B Environ 221:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.
09.008\
Zhou J, Sheng Z, Han H, Zou M, Li C (2012a) Facile synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots using
watermelon peel as a carbon source. Mater Lett 66(1):222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.
2011.08.081
Zhou L, Lin Y, Huang Z, Ren J, Qu X (2012b) Carbon nanodots as fluorescence probes for rapid,
sensitive, and label-free detection of Hg
2+ and biothiols in complex matrices. Chem Commun 48
(8):1147–1149. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC16791C
Zhu H, Wang X, Li Y, Wang Z, Yang F, Yang X (2009) Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon
nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties. Chem Commun 34:5118–5120.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B907612C
Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, Ruoff RS (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide:
synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater 22(35):3906–3924. https://doi.org/10.1002/
adma.201001068
Zhu C, Yang S, Wang G, Mo R, He P, Sun J, Di Z, Kang Z, Yuan N, Ding J, Ding G (2015) A new
mild, clean and highly efficient method for the preparation of graphene quantum dots without
by-products. J Mater Chem B 3(34):6871–6876. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB01093D
3 Metal and Carbon Quantum Dot Photocatalysts for Water Purification
117
10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.011
Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens WA (2004) Electrophoretic
analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem
Soc 126(40):12736–12737. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja040082h
Xu M, Deng G, Liu S, Chen S, Cui D, Yang L, Wang Q (2010) Free cadmium ions released from
CdTe-based nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity on phaeodactylum tricornutum. Metallomics 2
(7):469–473. https://doi.org/10.1039/C005387M
Yang Y, Wu D, Han S, Hu P, Liu R (2013a) Bottom-up fabrication of photoluminescent carbon dots
with uniform morphology via a soft–hard template approach. Chem Commun 49
(43):4920–4922. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CC38815H
Yang Z, Li Z, Xu M, Ma Y, Zhang J, Su Y, Gao F, Wei H, Zhang L (2013b) Controllable synthesis
of fluorescent carbon dots and their detection application as nanoprobes. Nano-Micro Lett 5
(4):247–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353756
Yang P, Zhu Z, Chen M, Chen W, Zhou X (2018) Microwave-assisted synthesis of xylan-derived
carbon quantum dots for tetracycline sensing. Opt Mater 85:329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
optmat.2018.06.034
Yu H, Zhang H, Huang H, Liu Y, Li H, Ming H, Kang Z (2012) ZnO/carbon quantum dots
nanocomposites: one-step fabrication and superior photocatalytic ability for toxic gas degradation under visible light at room temperature. New J Chem 36(4):1031–1035. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C2NJ20959D
Yuan F, Li S, Fan Z, Meng X, Fan L, Yang S (2016) Shining carbon dots: synthesis and biomedical
and optoelectronic applications. Nano Today 11(5):565–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.
2016.08.006
Zhang YQ, Ma DK, Zhang YG, Chen W, Huang SM (2013) N-doped carbon quantum dots for
TiO 2 -based photocatalysts and dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Energy 2(5):545–552. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.07.010
Zhang H, Zhao L, Geng F, Guo LH, Wan B, Yang Y (2016) Carbon dots decorated graphitic carbon
nitride as an efficient metal-free photocatalyst for phenol degradation. Appl Catal B Environ
180:656–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.056
Zhang Z, Zheng T, Xu J, Zeng H, Zhang N (2017) Carbon quantum Dots/Bi 2 WO 6 composites for
efficient photocatalytic pollutant degradation and hydrogen evolution. Nano 12(07):1750082.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793292017500825
Zhang Q, Chen P, Zhuo M, Wang F, Su Y, Chen T, Yao K, Cai Z, Lv W, Liu G (2018) Degradation
of indometacin by simulated sunlight activated CDs-loaded BiPO 4 photocatalyst: roles of
oxidative species. Appl Catal B Environ 221:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.
09.008\
Zhou J, Sheng Z, Han H, Zou M, Li C (2012a) Facile synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots using
watermelon peel as a carbon source. Mater Lett 66(1):222–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.
2011.08.081
Zhou L, Lin Y, Huang Z, Ren J, Qu X (2012b) Carbon nanodots as fluorescence probes for rapid,
sensitive, and label-free detection of Hg
2+ and biothiols in complex matrices. Chem Commun 48
(8):1147–1149. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CC16791C
Zhu H, Wang X, Li Y, Wang Z, Yang F, Yang X (2009) Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon
nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties. Chem Commun 34:5118–5120.
https://doi.org/10.1039/B907612C
Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, Ruoff RS (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide:
synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater 22(35):3906–3924. https://doi.org/10.1002/
adma.201001068
Zhu C, Yang S, Wang G, Mo R, He P, Sun J, Di Z, Kang Z, Yuan N, Ding J, Ding G (2015) A new
mild, clean and highly efficient method for the preparation of graphene quantum dots without
by-products. J Mater Chem B 3(34):6871–6876. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB01093D
3 Metal and Carbon Quantum Dot Photocatalysts for Water Purification
117