21 Proposed Research, Science, Technology and Innovation …
515
Policies for commercializing small-scale farming, floodwater harvesting, and treatment and artificial recharging of aquifers and irrigation will improve water and food
security. Integrated urban water management and cost-effective urban wastewater
treatment systems that surpass minimum effluent quality standards, combined with
wastewater recycling, may result in cleaner cities and reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in many urban settlements. Adopting renewable energy technologies
for domestic power, running water pumps, agricultural machinery, and small-scale
industry will reduce deforestation and pollution, and may enhance cleaner production
and productivity in remote rural areas. Collaboration of local and global researchers,
designers, manufacturers, and evaluators may produce commercially appropriate and
ergonomic technologies that create wealth and jobs in rural areas and small towns,
curbing the rate of migration from rural to urban areas of Africa.
References
Akinaga T, Generalis SC, Paton C, Igobo ON, Davies PA (2018) Brine utilisation for cooling
and salt production in wind-driven seawater greenhouses: design and modeling. Desalination
426:135–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.025. Accessed 30 July 2018
Al-Kalbani MS, Price MF, Abahussain A, Ahmed M, O’Higgins T (2014) Vulnerability assessment
of environmental and climate change impacts on water resources in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sultanate
of Oman. Water 6:3118–3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6103118. www.mdpi.com/journal/water.
Accessed 21 June 2018
Chauhan MV, Sabla YA, Patrick L, Ahmed AW (2016) Synthesis of integrated membrane desalination and salt production networks. Desalination 400:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.
09.010
CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) (2002a) The CSE campaign for people’s water management. Catch Water 5 (1) (CSE). http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/catchwater/feb2002/techno
logy1.htm. Accessed 30 July 2018
CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) (2002b) The CSE campaign for people’s water management. Catch water. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/catchwater/feb2002/technology1.htm.
Accessed 30 July 2018
CSIR (2009) Acid mine drainage in South Africa. Briefing Note 2009/02. https://www.enviro
nment.co.za/documents/acid-mine-drainage-amd/AMD-Acid-Mine-Drainage-South-AfricaCSIR-draft.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2020
Descroix L, Mahé G, Lebel TG, Favreau G, Galle S, Gautier E, Olivry J-C, Albergel J, Amogu
O, Cappelaere B, Dessouassi R, Diedhiou A, Le Breton E, Mamadou I, Sighomnou D (2009)
Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes. Around the boundaries between sahelian
and sudanian areas of West Africa: a synthesis. J Hydrol, AMMA Special 375:90–102. https://
doi.org/10.1016/20j.jhydrol.2008.12.012. Accessed 10 Mar 2018.
Dolezal RC (2013) The Nubian sandstone aquifer dispute. Pangaea J. https://sites.stedwards.edu/
pangaea/the-nubian-sandstone-aquifer-dispute. Accessed 28 Oct 2018
ENDA (2005) Energy issues in Africa. http://www.enda.sn/energie/plaq-gb.htm#ourwork.
Accessed 02 Nov 2017
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (1995) Land and water integration and river basin management. In: Proceedings of an FAO informal workshop Rome, Italy 31 Jan–2 Feb 1993. http://www.
fao.org/docrep/V5400E/v5400e00.htm#Contents Accessed 12 Mar 2018
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (2016) The state of food and agriculture 2016 climate
change, Agriculture and Food Safety
515
Policies for commercializing small-scale farming, floodwater harvesting, and treatment and artificial recharging of aquifers and irrigation will improve water and food
security. Integrated urban water management and cost-effective urban wastewater
treatment systems that surpass minimum effluent quality standards, combined with
wastewater recycling, may result in cleaner cities and reduce the incidence of waterborne disease in many urban settlements. Adopting renewable energy technologies
for domestic power, running water pumps, agricultural machinery, and small-scale
industry will reduce deforestation and pollution, and may enhance cleaner production
and productivity in remote rural areas. Collaboration of local and global researchers,
designers, manufacturers, and evaluators may produce commercially appropriate and
ergonomic technologies that create wealth and jobs in rural areas and small towns,
curbing the rate of migration from rural to urban areas of Africa.
References
Akinaga T, Generalis SC, Paton C, Igobo ON, Davies PA (2018) Brine utilisation for cooling
and salt production in wind-driven seawater greenhouses: design and modeling. Desalination
426:135–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.10.025. Accessed 30 July 2018
Al-Kalbani MS, Price MF, Abahussain A, Ahmed M, O’Higgins T (2014) Vulnerability assessment
of environmental and climate change impacts on water resources in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sultanate
of Oman. Water 6:3118–3135. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6103118. www.mdpi.com/journal/water.
Accessed 21 June 2018
Chauhan MV, Sabla YA, Patrick L, Ahmed AW (2016) Synthesis of integrated membrane desalination and salt production networks. Desalination 400:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.
09.010
CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) (2002a) The CSE campaign for people’s water management. Catch Water 5 (1) (CSE). http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/catchwater/feb2002/techno
logy1.htm. Accessed 30 July 2018
CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) (2002b) The CSE campaign for people’s water management. Catch water. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/catchwater/feb2002/technology1.htm.
Accessed 30 July 2018
CSIR (2009) Acid mine drainage in South Africa. Briefing Note 2009/02. https://www.enviro
nment.co.za/documents/acid-mine-drainage-amd/AMD-Acid-Mine-Drainage-South-AfricaCSIR-draft.pdf. Accessed 12 January 2020
Descroix L, Mahé G, Lebel TG, Favreau G, Galle S, Gautier E, Olivry J-C, Albergel J, Amogu
O, Cappelaere B, Dessouassi R, Diedhiou A, Le Breton E, Mamadou I, Sighomnou D (2009)
Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes. Around the boundaries between sahelian
and sudanian areas of West Africa: a synthesis. J Hydrol, AMMA Special 375:90–102. https://
doi.org/10.1016/20j.jhydrol.2008.12.012. Accessed 10 Mar 2018.
Dolezal RC (2013) The Nubian sandstone aquifer dispute. Pangaea J. https://sites.stedwards.edu/
pangaea/the-nubian-sandstone-aquifer-dispute. Accessed 28 Oct 2018
ENDA (2005) Energy issues in Africa. http://www.enda.sn/energie/plaq-gb.htm#ourwork.
Accessed 02 Nov 2017
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (1995) Land and water integration and river basin management. In: Proceedings of an FAO informal workshop Rome, Italy 31 Jan–2 Feb 1993. http://www.
fao.org/docrep/V5400E/v5400e00.htm#Contents Accessed 12 Mar 2018
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation (2016) The state of food and agriculture 2016 climate
change, Agriculture and Food Safety