387
Fig. 11.1 Evidence from taxonomic affiliation (f, h, j–l), structural and functional attributes (b, e,
f, h, j, l), organismic damage (m, n), gut contents (i), coprolites (a, c), and predation avoidance (d,
g) for insect predation, parasitism and parasitoidism in the fossil record. Examples are predation
(a–d, g, i, j, m), parasitism (e, h, k, l) and parasitoidism (f, n). (a) A coprolite containing early
land-plant spores from the Early Devonian of Wales (Edwards et al. 1995). (b) A fossil spider spinneret, showing a cluster of attached and detached spigots, from the Middle Devonian of Gilboa,
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution
Fig. 11.1 Evidence from taxonomic affiliation (f, h, j–l), structural and functional attributes (b, e,
f, h, j, l), organismic damage (m, n), gut contents (i), coprolites (a, c), and predation avoidance (d,
g) for insect predation, parasitism and parasitoidism in the fossil record. Examples are predation
(a–d, g, i, j, m), parasitism (e, h, k, l) and parasitoidism (f, n). (a) A coprolite containing early
land-plant spores from the Early Devonian of Wales (Edwards et al. 1995). (b) A fossil spider spinneret, showing a cluster of attached and detached spigots, from the Middle Devonian of Gilboa,
11 The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution