368
10.8 Conclusion and Outlook
The fossil record of parasitic crustaceans is still fragmentary, but has been growing
in recent years triggered by active search. Numerous new studies have illustrated
that it is not just a preservational issue, but remains have also been overlooked. We
will therefore need to continue active and directed search for more cases of fossil
crustacean parasites or traces in the hosts left by them. Yet, it will also be necessary
to further improve our concept of parasitism and how to identify cases of a parasitic
life style. As pointed out above this is less simple in some cases as generally
accepted. Also, the currently available categories for different types of parasitism
are not well conceptualised. It may likely turn out that we will be unable to provide
clear-cut thresholds for identifying specific types of parasitism or parasitism in general, but also relational categories demand to be properly outlined.
Acknowledgements We thank Kenneth de Baets and John Warren Huntley for the invitation to
contribute to this volume. The authors have been supported by different funding agencies, mostly
the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Grants HA-6300/3-2, the German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD), the Volkswagen Foundation, the European Commission’s (FP6)
Integrated Infrastructure Initiative Programme SYNTHESYS, and Lehre@LMU Munich. Curators
from different museums have provided access to the material, namely Claire Mellish (NHM
London), Paul Mayer (FMNH Chicago) and Martin Schwentner (formerly CeNak Hamburg).
During an excursion to the CeNak Hamburg we kindly received support with documentation and
image processing from several students of the LMU Munich. The authors also thank Henrik
Glenner, University of Bergen, and J. Matthias Starck, LMU Munich, for their support.
References
Anderson OR (1983) Radiolaria. Springer, New York
Andres D (1989) Phosphatisierte Fossilien aus dem unteren Ordoviz von Südschweden. Berl
Geowiss Abh A 106:9–19
Anton RF, Schrödl M (2013) The gastropod–crustacean connection: towards the phylogeny and
evolution of the parasitic copepod family Splanchnotrophidae. Zool J Linn Soc 167(4):501–530
Baeza JA (2015) Crustaceans as symbionts: an overview of their diversity, host use and life
styles. In: Thiel M, Watling L (eds) Lifestyles and feeding biology. The Natural History of the
Crustacea. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 163–189
Beck JT (1980) The effects of an isopod castrator, Probopyrus pandalicola, on the sex characters
of one of its caridean shrimp hosts, Palaemonetes paludosus. Biol Bull 158:1–15
Bishop GA (1974) A sexually aberrant crab (Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917) from the
Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Crustaceana 26:212–218
Bishop GA (1983) A second sexually aberrant specimen of Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917,
from the Upper Cretaceous Dakoticancer assemblage, Pierre Shale, South Dakota (Decapoda,
Brachyura). Crustaceana 44:23–26
Böckeler W (2005) Pentastomida (tongue worms). In: Rohde K (ed) Marine parasitology. CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, pp 235–240
Boucot AJ, Poinar GO Jr (2010) Fossil behavior compendium. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Bousfield EL (2007) Talitridae. In: Carlton JT (ed) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 611–613
J. T. Haug et al.
10.8 Conclusion and Outlook
The fossil record of parasitic crustaceans is still fragmentary, but has been growing
in recent years triggered by active search. Numerous new studies have illustrated
that it is not just a preservational issue, but remains have also been overlooked. We
will therefore need to continue active and directed search for more cases of fossil
crustacean parasites or traces in the hosts left by them. Yet, it will also be necessary
to further improve our concept of parasitism and how to identify cases of a parasitic
life style. As pointed out above this is less simple in some cases as generally
accepted. Also, the currently available categories for different types of parasitism
are not well conceptualised. It may likely turn out that we will be unable to provide
clear-cut thresholds for identifying specific types of parasitism or parasitism in general, but also relational categories demand to be properly outlined.
Acknowledgements We thank Kenneth de Baets and John Warren Huntley for the invitation to
contribute to this volume. The authors have been supported by different funding agencies, mostly
the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Grants HA-6300/3-2, the German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD), the Volkswagen Foundation, the European Commission’s (FP6)
Integrated Infrastructure Initiative Programme SYNTHESYS, and Lehre@LMU Munich. Curators
from different museums have provided access to the material, namely Claire Mellish (NHM
London), Paul Mayer (FMNH Chicago) and Martin Schwentner (formerly CeNak Hamburg).
During an excursion to the CeNak Hamburg we kindly received support with documentation and
image processing from several students of the LMU Munich. The authors also thank Henrik
Glenner, University of Bergen, and J. Matthias Starck, LMU Munich, for their support.
References
Anderson OR (1983) Radiolaria. Springer, New York
Andres D (1989) Phosphatisierte Fossilien aus dem unteren Ordoviz von Südschweden. Berl
Geowiss Abh A 106:9–19
Anton RF, Schrödl M (2013) The gastropod–crustacean connection: towards the phylogeny and
evolution of the parasitic copepod family Splanchnotrophidae. Zool J Linn Soc 167(4):501–530
Baeza JA (2015) Crustaceans as symbionts: an overview of their diversity, host use and life
styles. In: Thiel M, Watling L (eds) Lifestyles and feeding biology. The Natural History of the
Crustacea. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 163–189
Beck JT (1980) The effects of an isopod castrator, Probopyrus pandalicola, on the sex characters
of one of its caridean shrimp hosts, Palaemonetes paludosus. Biol Bull 158:1–15
Bishop GA (1974) A sexually aberrant crab (Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917) from the
Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of South Dakota. Crustaceana 26:212–218
Bishop GA (1983) A second sexually aberrant specimen of Dakoticancer overanus Rathbun, 1917,
from the Upper Cretaceous Dakoticancer assemblage, Pierre Shale, South Dakota (Decapoda,
Brachyura). Crustaceana 44:23–26
Böckeler W (2005) Pentastomida (tongue worms). In: Rohde K (ed) Marine parasitology. CABI
Publishing, Wallingford, pp 235–240
Boucot AJ, Poinar GO Jr (2010) Fossil behavior compendium. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Bousfield EL (2007) Talitridae. In: Carlton JT (ed) The Light and Smith manual: intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 611–613
J. T. Haug et al.