313
Verweyen L, Klimpel S, Palm HW (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Acanthocephala (class
Palaeacanthocephala) with a paraphyletic assemblage of the orders Polymorphida and
Echinorhynchida. PLoS One 6:e28285
Vinther J, Parry LA (2019) Bilateral jaw elements in Amiskwia sagittiformis bridge the morphological gap between gnathiferans and chaetognaths. Curr Biol 29(5):881–888.e1
von Haffner K (1950) Organisation und systematische Stellung der Acanthocephalen. Zool Anz
145:243–274
Waggoner BM, Poinar GO (1993) Fossil habrotrochid rotifers in Dominican amber. Experientia
49:354–357
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: de Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The Evolution and Fossil Record Of Parasitism:
Coevolution and Paleoparasitological Techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Weber M, Wey-Fabrizius AR, Podsiadlowski L, Witek A, Schill RO, Sugár L, Herlyn H, Hankeln
H (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of endoparasitic Acanthocephala based on mitochondrial
genomes suggests secondary loss of sensory organs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 66:182–189
Wey-Fabrizius AR, Herlyn H, Rieger B, Rosenkranz D, Witek A, Mark Welch DB, Ebersberger I,
Hankeln T (2014) Transcriptome data reveal syndermatan relationships and suggest the evolution of endoparasitism in Acanthocephala via an epizoic stage. PLoS One 9:e88618
Whitfield PJ (1973) The egg envelopes of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala). Parasitology
66:387–403
Witek A, Herlyn H, Meyer A, Boell L, Bucher G, Hankeln T (2008) EST based phylogenomics of
Syndermata questions monophyly of Eurotatoria. BMC Evol Biol 8:345
Witek A, Herlyn H, Ebersberger I, Mark Welch DB, Hankeln T (2009) Support for the monophyletic origin of Gnathifera from phylogenomics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 53:1037–1041
Wurmbach H (1937) Zur krankheitserregenden Wirkung der Acanthocephalen. Z f Fischerei u
Hilfswiss 35:217–232
Yeh H-Y, Mitchell PD (2016) Ancient human parasites in ethnic Chinese populations. Korean J
Parasitol 54:565–572
Zangerl R, Case GR (1976) Cobelodus aculeatus (Cope), an anacanthous shark from Pennsylvanian
black shales of North America. Palaeontogr Abt A 154:107–157
Zhang X-g, Pratt BR (2012) The first stalk-eyed phosphatocopine crustacean from the Lower
Cambrian of China. Curr Biol 22:2149–2154
Zhong HL, Feng LB, Wang CX, Kang B, Wang ZZ, Zhou GH, Zhao Y, Zhang YZ (1983) Human
infection with Macracanthorhychus hirudinaceus causing serious complications in China.
Chin Med J 96:661–668
8 Thorny-Headed Worms (Acanthocephala): Jaw-Less Members of Jaw-Bearing…
Verweyen L, Klimpel S, Palm HW (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Acanthocephala (class
Palaeacanthocephala) with a paraphyletic assemblage of the orders Polymorphida and
Echinorhynchida. PLoS One 6:e28285
Vinther J, Parry LA (2019) Bilateral jaw elements in Amiskwia sagittiformis bridge the morphological gap between gnathiferans and chaetognaths. Curr Biol 29(5):881–888.e1
von Haffner K (1950) Organisation und systematische Stellung der Acanthocephalen. Zool Anz
145:243–274
Waggoner BM, Poinar GO (1993) Fossil habrotrochid rotifers in Dominican amber. Experientia
49:354–357
Warnock RCM, Engelstädter J (2021) The molecular clock as tool for understanding host-parasite
evolution. In: de Baets K, Huntley JW (eds) The Evolution and Fossil Record Of Parasitism:
Coevolution and Paleoparasitological Techniques. Topics in Geobiology 50
Weber M, Wey-Fabrizius AR, Podsiadlowski L, Witek A, Schill RO, Sugár L, Herlyn H, Hankeln
H (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of endoparasitic Acanthocephala based on mitochondrial
genomes suggests secondary loss of sensory organs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 66:182–189
Wey-Fabrizius AR, Herlyn H, Rieger B, Rosenkranz D, Witek A, Mark Welch DB, Ebersberger I,
Hankeln T (2014) Transcriptome data reveal syndermatan relationships and suggest the evolution of endoparasitism in Acanthocephala via an epizoic stage. PLoS One 9:e88618
Whitfield PJ (1973) The egg envelopes of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala). Parasitology
66:387–403
Witek A, Herlyn H, Meyer A, Boell L, Bucher G, Hankeln T (2008) EST based phylogenomics of
Syndermata questions monophyly of Eurotatoria. BMC Evol Biol 8:345
Witek A, Herlyn H, Ebersberger I, Mark Welch DB, Hankeln T (2009) Support for the monophyletic origin of Gnathifera from phylogenomics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 53:1037–1041
Wurmbach H (1937) Zur krankheitserregenden Wirkung der Acanthocephalen. Z f Fischerei u
Hilfswiss 35:217–232
Yeh H-Y, Mitchell PD (2016) Ancient human parasites in ethnic Chinese populations. Korean J
Parasitol 54:565–572
Zangerl R, Case GR (1976) Cobelodus aculeatus (Cope), an anacanthous shark from Pennsylvanian
black shales of North America. Palaeontogr Abt A 154:107–157
Zhang X-g, Pratt BR (2012) The first stalk-eyed phosphatocopine crustacean from the Lower
Cambrian of China. Curr Biol 22:2149–2154
Zhong HL, Feng LB, Wang CX, Kang B, Wang ZZ, Zhou GH, Zhao Y, Zhang YZ (1983) Human
infection with Macracanthorhychus hirudinaceus causing serious complications in China.
Chin Med J 96:661–668
8 Thorny-Headed Worms (Acanthocephala): Jaw-Less Members of Jaw-Bearing…