250
PARASITES
P A R A S IT E S
Rhabditomorpha
Bunonematomorpha
Diplogasteromorpha
Brevibuccidae
Drilonematomorpha
Panagrolaimomorpha
Cephalobomorpha
Tylenchomorpha
Myolaimina
Ascaridomorpha
Spiruromorpha
Rhigonematomorpha
Oxyuridomorpha
t
e
r
r
e
s
t
r
ia
l
T
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
F
m
a
r
in
e
M
Gnathostomatomorpha
Dranunculoidea
C
h
r
o
m
a
d
o
r
i
a
E
n
o
p
l
i
a
D
o
r
y
l
a
i
m
i
a
Teratocephalidae
V
IV
III
II
I
Plectida
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Cam
C en
Ord Sil Dev Car Per Tri Jur
Cre
Edi
Araeolaimida
Monhysterida
Desmodorida
Chromadorida
Enoplinae (part)
Anticomidae
Leptosomatidae
Anoplostomatidae
Oncholaimina
Oxystominidae
Trichinellida
Dioctophymatida
Mononchida
Mermithida
Dorylaimida
Tripyloididae
Trefusiida
Ironina (part)
Alaimina
Campydorina
Tripylina
Tobrilina
Prismatolaimoidea
Diptherophorina
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
PP
PP
PP
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
VP
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
p
r
e
d
a
t
o
r
in
v
e
r
t
e
b
r
a
t
e
a
s
s
o
c
ia
t
io
n
v
e
r
t
e
b
r
a
t
e
p
la
n
t
in
v
e
r
t
e
b
r
a
t
e
?
Fig. 7.5 Nematode fossils plotted against phylogenetic structure of Nematoda based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA analyses and interpretation of
taxon relationships derived from morphology and origins of particular types of parasitism (Blaxter and Koutsovoulos 2015). Nematode fossil—assignments
follow Poinar (2011, 2014, 2015) unless otherwise discussed
K. De Baets et al.