174
Etheriidae (4 species, Tropical), Mycetopodidae (36–53 species, Neotropical) and
Iridinidae (39–43 species, Afrotropical; Wächtler et al. 2001; Graf and Cummings
2007, Bogan 2008; Bogan and Roe 2008; Graf 2013). Yet, currently Graf and
Cummings (2021) estimated total diversity of Recent unionoid to 958 species. The
most species-rich family Unionidae is today composed of four to seven subfamilies
(e.g. summary by Pfeiffer et al. 2019), according to Whelan et al. (2011): Tropical
African and Asian Parreysiinae, mostly Holarctic Unioninae, Indotropical
Fig. 5.7 Recently published phylogenetic hypotheses of Palaeoheterodonta (Unionida +
Trigoniida), based on molecular, or molecular and morphological data, simplified to the family
level (with superfamily Etherioidea = Etheriidae + Mycetopodidae + Iridinidae). (a) Combosch
et al. (2017): H3, COI, 16S, 18S, 28S; Pfeiffer et al. (2018): COI, 28S; (b) Whelan et al. (2011):
COI, 28S (maximum likelihood); Lopes-Lima et al. (2017): COI, 28S; (c) Graf and O’Foighil
(2000): COI, morphology; Bolotov et al. (2017): COI, 16S, 28S; Guerra et al. (2017): mtDNA;
Huang et al. (2018): mt DNA; Huang et al. (2019): mtDNA; Pfeiffer et al. (2019): multi-locus
nuclear DNA via anchored hybrid enrichment probe (maximum likelihood); (d) Hoeh et al. (2001):
COI, morphology; Graf et al. (2015): COI, 16S, 28S; Pfeiffer and Graf (2015): COI, 16S, 28S;
Bolotov et al. (2016): 16S, 18S, 28S, D3; Huang et al. (2018): COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3; Huang
et al. (2019): COI, 28S, 16S; (e) Whelan et al. (2011): COI, 28S (maximum parsimony); Pfeiffer
et al. (2019): multi-locus nuclear DNA via anchored hybrid enrichment probe (coalescent-based
ASTRAL); (f) Graf and Cummings (2006): COI, 28S, morphology
A. Skawina
Etheriidae (4 species, Tropical), Mycetopodidae (36–53 species, Neotropical) and
Iridinidae (39–43 species, Afrotropical; Wächtler et al. 2001; Graf and Cummings
2007, Bogan 2008; Bogan and Roe 2008; Graf 2013). Yet, currently Graf and
Cummings (2021) estimated total diversity of Recent unionoid to 958 species. The
most species-rich family Unionidae is today composed of four to seven subfamilies
(e.g. summary by Pfeiffer et al. 2019), according to Whelan et al. (2011): Tropical
African and Asian Parreysiinae, mostly Holarctic Unioninae, Indotropical
Fig. 5.7 Recently published phylogenetic hypotheses of Palaeoheterodonta (Unionida +
Trigoniida), based on molecular, or molecular and morphological data, simplified to the family
level (with superfamily Etherioidea = Etheriidae + Mycetopodidae + Iridinidae). (a) Combosch
et al. (2017): H3, COI, 16S, 18S, 28S; Pfeiffer et al. (2018): COI, 28S; (b) Whelan et al. (2011):
COI, 28S (maximum likelihood); Lopes-Lima et al. (2017): COI, 28S; (c) Graf and O’Foighil
(2000): COI, morphology; Bolotov et al. (2017): COI, 16S, 28S; Guerra et al. (2017): mtDNA;
Huang et al. (2018): mt DNA; Huang et al. (2019): mtDNA; Pfeiffer et al. (2019): multi-locus
nuclear DNA via anchored hybrid enrichment probe (maximum likelihood); (d) Hoeh et al. (2001):
COI, morphology; Graf et al. (2015): COI, 16S, 28S; Pfeiffer and Graf (2015): COI, 16S, 28S;
Bolotov et al. (2016): 16S, 18S, 28S, D3; Huang et al. (2018): COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3; Huang
et al. (2019): COI, 28S, 16S; (e) Whelan et al. (2011): COI, 28S (maximum parsimony); Pfeiffer
et al. (2019): multi-locus nuclear DNA via anchored hybrid enrichment probe (coalescent-based
ASTRAL); (f) Graf and Cummings (2006): COI, 28S, morphology
A. Skawina