105
Sharpe SC, Eme L, Brown MW, Roger AJ (2015) Timing the origins of multicellular eukaryotes
through phylogenetic and relaxed molecular clock analysis. In: Ruiz-Trillo IR, Nedelecu AM
(eds) Evolutionary transitions to multicellular life. Springer, Dordrecht, NL
Shrimpton DM (1973) Extractives associated with wound response of lodgepole pine attacked by
the mountain pine beetle and associated microorganisms. Can J Bot 51:527–534
Sime-Ngando T (2012) Phytoplankton chytridiomycosis: fungal parasites of phytoplankton and
their imprints on the food web dynamics. Front Microbiol 3:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmicb.2012.00361
Singh H, Tripathi SKM (2010) Fungal remains from the Early Paleogene sub-surface sediments of
Karakha, Barmer Distinct, western India. Geophytology 39:9–15
Skerratt LF, Berger L, Speare R, Cashins S, McDonald KR, Phillott AD, Hines HB, Kenyon N
(2007) Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs.
EcoHealth 4:125–134
Slater BJ, McLoughlin S, Hilton J (2015) A high-latitude Gondwanan lagerstätte: the Permian
permineralised peat biota of the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. Gondwana Res
27:1446–1473
Smith SY, Currah RS, Stockey RA (2004) Cretaceous and Eocene poroid hymenophores from
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Mycologia 96:180–186
Smith SY, Stockey RA (2007) Establishing a fossil record for the perianthless Piperales: Saururus
tuckerae sp. nov. (Saururaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert. Amer J Bot
94:1642–1657
Stewart JE (1993) Infectious disease of marine crustaceans. In: Couch JA, Fournie JW (eds)
Pathbiology of marine and estuarine organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Strullu-Derrien C, Wawrzyniak Z, Goral T, Kenrick P (2015) Fungal colonization of the rooting system of the early land plant Asteroxylon mackiei from the 407-myr-old Rhynie chert
(Scotland, UK). Bot J Linn Soc 179:201–213
Strullu-Derrien C, Goral T, Longcore JE, Olesen J, Kenrick P, Edgecombe GD (2016) A new
chytridiomycete fungus intermixed with crustacean resting eggs in a 407-million-year-old continental freshwater environment. PLoS One 11:e0167301
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1983) Studies of paleozoic fungi. I. The structure and organization of
Traquairia (Ascomycota). Amer J Bot 70:387–399
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1986) Wood decay in silicified gymnosperms from Antarctica. Bot
Gaz 147:116–125
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1988) Recent advances in paleomycology. New Phytol 108:3–25
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Miller CE, Cole GT (1983) Studies in Carboniferous fungi. II. The
structure and organization of Mycocarpon, Sporocarpon, Dubiocarpon, and Coleocarpon
(Ascomycotina). Amer J Bot 70:1482–1498
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Miller CE, Cole GT (1984) Studies in Paleozoic fungi. III. Fungal
parasitism in a Pennsylvanian gymnosperm. Amer J Bot 71:1275–1284
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. IV. Wood-decaying fungi
in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Amer J Bot 72:1765–1774
Sun C, Taylor TN, Na Y, Li T, Krings M (2015) Unusual preservation of a microthyriaceous fungus
(Ascomycota) on Sphenobaiera (ginkgophyte foliage) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Rev
Palaeobot Palynol 223:21–30
Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007)
Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol 57:5–59
Sung G-H, Poinar GO, Spatafora JW (2008) The oldest fossil evidence of animal parasitism by
fungi supports a Cretaceous diversification of fungal–arthropod symbioses. Mol Phylogen Evol
49:495–502
Swain T (1977) Secondary compounds as protective agents. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 28:479–501
Szabo LJ, Bushnell WR (2001) Hidden robbers: the role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7654–7655
3 Fungi as Parasites: A Conspectus of the Fossil Record
Sharpe SC, Eme L, Brown MW, Roger AJ (2015) Timing the origins of multicellular eukaryotes
through phylogenetic and relaxed molecular clock analysis. In: Ruiz-Trillo IR, Nedelecu AM
(eds) Evolutionary transitions to multicellular life. Springer, Dordrecht, NL
Shrimpton DM (1973) Extractives associated with wound response of lodgepole pine attacked by
the mountain pine beetle and associated microorganisms. Can J Bot 51:527–534
Sime-Ngando T (2012) Phytoplankton chytridiomycosis: fungal parasites of phytoplankton and
their imprints on the food web dynamics. Front Microbiol 3:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fmicb.2012.00361
Singh H, Tripathi SKM (2010) Fungal remains from the Early Paleogene sub-surface sediments of
Karakha, Barmer Distinct, western India. Geophytology 39:9–15
Skerratt LF, Berger L, Speare R, Cashins S, McDonald KR, Phillott AD, Hines HB, Kenyon N
(2007) Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs.
EcoHealth 4:125–134
Slater BJ, McLoughlin S, Hilton J (2015) A high-latitude Gondwanan lagerstätte: the Permian
permineralised peat biota of the Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. Gondwana Res
27:1446–1473
Smith SY, Currah RS, Stockey RA (2004) Cretaceous and Eocene poroid hymenophores from
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Mycologia 96:180–186
Smith SY, Stockey RA (2007) Establishing a fossil record for the perianthless Piperales: Saururus
tuckerae sp. nov. (Saururaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert. Amer J Bot
94:1642–1657
Stewart JE (1993) Infectious disease of marine crustaceans. In: Couch JA, Fournie JW (eds)
Pathbiology of marine and estuarine organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Strullu-Derrien C, Wawrzyniak Z, Goral T, Kenrick P (2015) Fungal colonization of the rooting system of the early land plant Asteroxylon mackiei from the 407-myr-old Rhynie chert
(Scotland, UK). Bot J Linn Soc 179:201–213
Strullu-Derrien C, Goral T, Longcore JE, Olesen J, Kenrick P, Edgecombe GD (2016) A new
chytridiomycete fungus intermixed with crustacean resting eggs in a 407-million-year-old continental freshwater environment. PLoS One 11:e0167301
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1983) Studies of paleozoic fungi. I. The structure and organization of
Traquairia (Ascomycota). Amer J Bot 70:387–399
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1986) Wood decay in silicified gymnosperms from Antarctica. Bot
Gaz 147:116–125
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN (1988) Recent advances in paleomycology. New Phytol 108:3–25
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Miller CE, Cole GT (1983) Studies in Carboniferous fungi. II. The
structure and organization of Mycocarpon, Sporocarpon, Dubiocarpon, and Coleocarpon
(Ascomycotina). Amer J Bot 70:1482–1498
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Miller CE, Cole GT (1984) Studies in Paleozoic fungi. III. Fungal
parasitism in a Pennsylvanian gymnosperm. Amer J Bot 71:1275–1284
Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of Paleozoic fungi. IV. Wood-decaying fungi
in Callixylon newberryi from the Upper Devonian. Amer J Bot 72:1765–1774
Sun C, Taylor TN, Na Y, Li T, Krings M (2015) Unusual preservation of a microthyriaceous fungus
(Ascomycota) on Sphenobaiera (ginkgophyte foliage) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Rev
Palaeobot Palynol 223:21–30
Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007)
Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Stud Mycol 57:5–59
Sung G-H, Poinar GO, Spatafora JW (2008) The oldest fossil evidence of animal parasitism by
fungi supports a Cretaceous diversification of fungal–arthropod symbioses. Mol Phylogen Evol
49:495–502
Swain T (1977) Secondary compounds as protective agents. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 28:479–501
Szabo LJ, Bushnell WR (2001) Hidden robbers: the role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:7654–7655
3 Fungi as Parasites: A Conspectus of the Fossil Record