370
S. S. B. Gunasekera et al.
Upadhyaya HM, Hirata N, Haque SA, de Paoli M-A, Durrant JR (2006) Kinetic competition in
flexible dye sensitised solar cells employing a series of polymer electrolytes. Chem Commun
8:877–879
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016) International energy outlook-2016
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Nazeeruddin MK, Sekiguchi T, Grätzel M (2003) A stable
quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with an amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer and polymer
gel electrolyte. Nat Mater 2(6):402–407
Wang Z-S, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H (2004) Significant influence of TiO 2 photoelectrode
morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell. Coord Chem
Rev 248:1381–1389
Wang M, Chamberland N, Breau L, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Marsan B, Zakeeruddin SM,
Gratzel M (2010) An organic redox electrolyte to rival triiodide/iodide in dye-sensitized solar
cells. Nat Chem 2(5):385–389
Wang H, Feng Q, Gong F, Li Y, Zhou G, Wang Z-S (2013) In situ growth of oriented polyaniline
nano wires array for efficient cathode of Co(III)/Co(II) mediated dye-sensitized solar cell. J Mater
Chem A 1:97–104
World Energy Council (2016). https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WorldEnergy-Resources-Full-report-2016.10.03.pdf
World Nuclear Association (2019) Renewable Energy and electricity, sustainable energy, renewable energy. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/
renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx)
Wu J, Li Q, Fan L, Lan Z, Li P, Lin J, Hao S (2008) High-performance polypyrrole nanoparticles
CE for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Power Sources 181:172–176
Wu J, Li Y, Tang Q, Yue G, Lin J, Huang M (2014). Bifacial dyesensitized solar cells: a strategy to
enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode. Sci Rep 4
Xia J, Chen L, Yanagida S (2011) Application of polypyrrole as a CE for a dye-sensitized solar
cell. J Mater Chem 21:4664–4649
Xiao YM, Lin JY, Wu JH, Tai SY, Chou S-W, Yue GT, Wu J (2012) Pulse electropolymerization
of high performance PEDOT/MWCNT CEs for Pt-free dye sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem
22:19919–19925
Xiao Y, Lin J-Y, Wang W-Y, Tai S-Y, Yue G, Wu J (2013) Enhanced performance of low-cost
dye-sensitized solar cells with pulse-electropolymerized polyaniline CEs. Electrochim Acta
90:468–474
Xiao Y, Han G, Li Y, Li M, Chang Y (2014) High performance of Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells
based on two-step electropolymerized polyaniline CEs. J Mat Chem A 2:3452–3460
Xu M, Li R, Pootrakulchote N, Shi D, Guo J, Yi Z, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Wang P (2008)
Energy-level and molecular engineering of organic D-p-A sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells.
J Phys Chem C 112(49):19770–19776
Xu J, Li M, Wu L, Sun Y, Zhu L, Gu S, Liu L, Bai Z, Fang D, Xu W (2014a) A flexible polypyrrolecoated fabric counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Power Sour 257:230–236
Xu P, Tang Q, Chen H, He B (2014b) Insights of close contact between polyaniline and FTO
substrate for enhanced photovoltaic performances of dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta
125:163–169
Yang F (2009) Thin film solar cells grown by organic vapor phase deposition. Princeton University
Yang S-C, Yang D-J, Kim J, Hong J-M, Kim H-M, Kim H-d, Lee H (2008) Hallow TiO 2 hemispheres obtained by colloidal templating for application in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater
20:1059–1064
Yella A, Lee HW, Tsao N, Yi C, Chandiran AK, Nazeeruddin MK, Diau EW, Yeh CY, Zakeeruddin
SM, Grätzel M (2011) Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with cobalt (II/III)-based redox electrolyte
exceed 12% efficiency [science (629)]. Science 334(6060):1203
Yen Y-S, Chou H-H, Chen Y-C, Hsu C-Y, Lin JT (2012) Recent developments in molecule-based
organic materials for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem 22(18):8734–8747
S. S. B. Gunasekera et al.
Upadhyaya HM, Hirata N, Haque SA, de Paoli M-A, Durrant JR (2006) Kinetic competition in
flexible dye sensitised solar cells employing a series of polymer electrolytes. Chem Commun
8:877–879
U.S. Energy Information Administration (2016) International energy outlook-2016
Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Nazeeruddin MK, Sekiguchi T, Grätzel M (2003) A stable
quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with an amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer and polymer
gel electrolyte. Nat Mater 2(6):402–407
Wang Z-S, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H (2004) Significant influence of TiO 2 photoelectrode
morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell. Coord Chem
Rev 248:1381–1389
Wang M, Chamberland N, Breau L, Moser JE, Humphry-Baker R, Marsan B, Zakeeruddin SM,
Gratzel M (2010) An organic redox electrolyte to rival triiodide/iodide in dye-sensitized solar
cells. Nat Chem 2(5):385–389
Wang H, Feng Q, Gong F, Li Y, Zhou G, Wang Z-S (2013) In situ growth of oriented polyaniline
nano wires array for efficient cathode of Co(III)/Co(II) mediated dye-sensitized solar cell. J Mater
Chem A 1:97–104
World Energy Council (2016). https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WorldEnergy-Resources-Full-report-2016.10.03.pdf
World Nuclear Association (2019) Renewable Energy and electricity, sustainable energy, renewable energy. http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/
renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx)
Wu J, Li Q, Fan L, Lan Z, Li P, Lin J, Hao S (2008) High-performance polypyrrole nanoparticles
CE for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Power Sources 181:172–176
Wu J, Li Y, Tang Q, Yue G, Lin J, Huang M (2014). Bifacial dyesensitized solar cells: a strategy to
enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode. Sci Rep 4
Xia J, Chen L, Yanagida S (2011) Application of polypyrrole as a CE for a dye-sensitized solar
cell. J Mater Chem 21:4664–4649
Xiao YM, Lin JY, Wu JH, Tai SY, Chou S-W, Yue GT, Wu J (2012) Pulse electropolymerization
of high performance PEDOT/MWCNT CEs for Pt-free dye sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem
22:19919–19925
Xiao Y, Lin J-Y, Wang W-Y, Tai S-Y, Yue G, Wu J (2013) Enhanced performance of low-cost
dye-sensitized solar cells with pulse-electropolymerized polyaniline CEs. Electrochim Acta
90:468–474
Xiao Y, Han G, Li Y, Li M, Chang Y (2014) High performance of Pt-free dye-sensitized solar cells
based on two-step electropolymerized polyaniline CEs. J Mat Chem A 2:3452–3460
Xu M, Li R, Pootrakulchote N, Shi D, Guo J, Yi Z, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Wang P (2008)
Energy-level and molecular engineering of organic D-p-A sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells.
J Phys Chem C 112(49):19770–19776
Xu J, Li M, Wu L, Sun Y, Zhu L, Gu S, Liu L, Bai Z, Fang D, Xu W (2014a) A flexible polypyrrolecoated fabric counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Power Sour 257:230–236
Xu P, Tang Q, Chen H, He B (2014b) Insights of close contact between polyaniline and FTO
substrate for enhanced photovoltaic performances of dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta
125:163–169
Yang F (2009) Thin film solar cells grown by organic vapor phase deposition. Princeton University
Yang S-C, Yang D-J, Kim J, Hong J-M, Kim H-M, Kim H-d, Lee H (2008) Hallow TiO 2 hemispheres obtained by colloidal templating for application in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater
20:1059–1064
Yella A, Lee HW, Tsao N, Yi C, Chandiran AK, Nazeeruddin MK, Diau EW, Yeh CY, Zakeeruddin
SM, Grätzel M (2011) Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with cobalt (II/III)-based redox electrolyte
exceed 12% efficiency [science (629)]. Science 334(6060):1203
Yen Y-S, Chou H-H, Chen Y-C, Hsu C-Y, Lin JT (2012) Recent developments in molecule-based
organic materials for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem 22(18):8734–8747