of variable returns to scale. Under input-oriented index, it is assumed that inputs
(expenditures) are reduced keeping the output (% share of canal irrigated area)
constant. In contrast, output-oriented index presumes that output (% share of canal
irrigated area) increases while keeping the inputs (expenditure) constant. The
estimates on slack are also computed which enable to examine the inefficiency in
the outcome variable due to the inputs used, i.e. capital and revenue expenditures on
irrigation.
Tables 8 and 9 present results obtained from both models along with the rate of
change in TE in each state. Figure 3a, b depicts TE scores based on input-oriented
model from 1982–83 to 2015–16 and then for the first and the last period under
study. This is followed by results based on the output-oriented model in Fig. 4a, b.
The input-oriented model indicates that on an average for 20 major states, canals
operate at about 59% efficiency, although levels vary widely, from 10 and 16% in
Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh to 100% each in J&K, Madhya Pradesh, and
West Bengal. The latter two states along with Rajasthan, Odisha, and Karnataka
found to be more efficient in spending on canal irrigation compared to Andhra
Table 8 Technical efficiency in public Investment in irrigation (input-oriented index)
States
1982–83 to
1985–86
1992–93 to
1995–96
2002–03 to
2005–06
2012–13 to
2015–16
Andhra Pradesh
0.47
0.317
0.162
0.096
Assam
1.00
1.00
0.783
0.454
Gujarat
0.393
0.329
0.159
0.477
Haryana
0.512
0.43
0.21
0.273
Himachal
Pradesh
0.629
0.48
0.258
0.16
J&K
1.00
1.000
1.00
1.00
Karnataka
0.518
0.48
0.917
0.781
Kerala
0.354
0.397
0.362
0.443
Maharashtra
0.508
0.358
0.256
0.405
Odisha
0.962
0.605
1.00
0.724
Punjab
0.486
0.435
0.328
0.426
Rajasthan
0.797
0.761
0.365
0.948
Tamil Nadu
1.00
1.00
0.324
0.548
West Bengal
0.932
1.00
0.713
1.00
Bihar
0.404
0.401
0.408
0.571
Madhya
Pradesh
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Uttar Pradesh
0.352
0.308
0.35
0.398
Chhattisgarh
–
–
1.00
1.00
Jharkhand
–
–
1.00
0.618
Uttarakhand
–
–
1.00
0.534
Average
0.666
0.606
0.580
0.593
60
S. Bathla et al.
(expenditures) are reduced keeping the output (% share of canal irrigated area)
constant. In contrast, output-oriented index presumes that output (% share of canal
irrigated area) increases while keeping the inputs (expenditure) constant. The
estimates on slack are also computed which enable to examine the inefficiency in
the outcome variable due to the inputs used, i.e. capital and revenue expenditures on
irrigation.
Tables 8 and 9 present results obtained from both models along with the rate of
change in TE in each state. Figure 3a, b depicts TE scores based on input-oriented
model from 1982–83 to 2015–16 and then for the first and the last period under
study. This is followed by results based on the output-oriented model in Fig. 4a, b.
The input-oriented model indicates that on an average for 20 major states, canals
operate at about 59% efficiency, although levels vary widely, from 10 and 16% in
Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh to 100% each in J&K, Madhya Pradesh, and
West Bengal. The latter two states along with Rajasthan, Odisha, and Karnataka
found to be more efficient in spending on canal irrigation compared to Andhra
Table 8 Technical efficiency in public Investment in irrigation (input-oriented index)
States
1982–83 to
1985–86
1992–93 to
1995–96
2002–03 to
2005–06
2012–13 to
2015–16
Andhra Pradesh
0.47
0.317
0.162
0.096
Assam
1.00
1.00
0.783
0.454
Gujarat
0.393
0.329
0.159
0.477
Haryana
0.512
0.43
0.21
0.273
Himachal
Pradesh
0.629
0.48
0.258
0.16
J&K
1.00
1.000
1.00
1.00
Karnataka
0.518
0.48
0.917
0.781
Kerala
0.354
0.397
0.362
0.443
Maharashtra
0.508
0.358
0.256
0.405
Odisha
0.962
0.605
1.00
0.724
Punjab
0.486
0.435
0.328
0.426
Rajasthan
0.797
0.761
0.365
0.948
Tamil Nadu
1.00
1.00
0.324
0.548
West Bengal
0.932
1.00
0.713
1.00
Bihar
0.404
0.401
0.408
0.571
Madhya
Pradesh
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Uttar Pradesh
0.352
0.308
0.35
0.398
Chhattisgarh
–
–
1.00
1.00
Jharkhand
–
–
1.00
0.618
Uttarakhand
–
–
1.00
0.534
Average
0.666
0.606
0.580
0.593
60
S. Bathla et al.