Tertiary treatment is often accomplished by passing the effluent from secondary
treatment through a fine sand filter.
Several factors, including the disposal facilities available will dictate the choice of
treatment methods. In practice, the distinction between primary and secondary
treatment is rather minor or arbitrary as many modern treatment methods include
both sedimentation and oxidation in the same operation.
The Goreangab (Namibia) water treatment plant processes sewage from
Windhoek’s 300,000 residents into potable water through a technology that partially
mimics nature. Constructed in 1968, it was the first plant of its kind in the world.
(https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-bigdeal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years). Since its start, all the relevant standards have been fulfilled without difficulty. “People are always trying to catch us out
so they can say that reusing water does not work. They have not succeeded.” (Pierre
van Rensburg in The Namibian, 16th March 2016.).
Using recycled water means that this can be an addition to existing (waning)
resources.
1.3 Services
The general public does not really know much how the commercial and financial
services work or their usefulness. Nevertheless, these services are particularly
important in the process of national development.
Firstly, apart from people employed in government administration, the commercial and financial services, as a sector, employs up to 30% of the active urban
population.
Secondly, as the supply of capital where needed and proper marketing depends on
these services, they ensure a smooth running of business because efficient marketing
includes grading, transport, superior forms of storage and the necessary logistics to
ensure that the right goods reach the right place where they are required at the right
time. When these factors are absent, either in less developed countries, or even in
highly industrialised countries (but lesser developed parts), the following defects
may be found:
(a) Lack of organisation entailing a difficulty to quickly obtain a required service –
the less common goods or specialist advice are not available locally, and quite
some time elapses before these are delivered.
(b) If the service headquarters are located outside the region, their interests are
probably also elsewhere.
(c) Banks do not have sufficient resources to satisfy all sound loan applications. If
adequate capital is not available for commercial purposes, efficiency may be
quite seriously affected, causing a scarcity of handling facilities and efficient
storage. At the other extreme, what do banks do when they have excess liquidity
with only a few loan applications?
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1 Introduction to Infrastructure
treatment through a fine sand filter.
Several factors, including the disposal facilities available will dictate the choice of
treatment methods. In practice, the distinction between primary and secondary
treatment is rather minor or arbitrary as many modern treatment methods include
both sedimentation and oxidation in the same operation.
The Goreangab (Namibia) water treatment plant processes sewage from
Windhoek’s 300,000 residents into potable water through a technology that partially
mimics nature. Constructed in 1968, it was the first plant of its kind in the world.
(https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-12-15/recycling-sewage-drinking-water-no-bigdeal-theyve-been-doing-it-namibia-50-years). Since its start, all the relevant standards have been fulfilled without difficulty. “People are always trying to catch us out
so they can say that reusing water does not work. They have not succeeded.” (Pierre
van Rensburg in The Namibian, 16th March 2016.).
Using recycled water means that this can be an addition to existing (waning)
resources.
1.3 Services
The general public does not really know much how the commercial and financial
services work or their usefulness. Nevertheless, these services are particularly
important in the process of national development.
Firstly, apart from people employed in government administration, the commercial and financial services, as a sector, employs up to 30% of the active urban
population.
Secondly, as the supply of capital where needed and proper marketing depends on
these services, they ensure a smooth running of business because efficient marketing
includes grading, transport, superior forms of storage and the necessary logistics to
ensure that the right goods reach the right place where they are required at the right
time. When these factors are absent, either in less developed countries, or even in
highly industrialised countries (but lesser developed parts), the following defects
may be found:
(a) Lack of organisation entailing a difficulty to quickly obtain a required service –
the less common goods or specialist advice are not available locally, and quite
some time elapses before these are delivered.
(b) If the service headquarters are located outside the region, their interests are
probably also elsewhere.
(c) Banks do not have sufficient resources to satisfy all sound loan applications. If
adequate capital is not available for commercial purposes, efficiency may be
quite seriously affected, causing a scarcity of handling facilities and efficient
storage. At the other extreme, what do banks do when they have excess liquidity
with only a few loan applications?
28
1 Introduction to Infrastructure