9 Solar Module Technology
245
(b) Performance (i.e. power) degradation. Typical threshold values are, respectively, minimum peak powers ≥90% of the initial nameplate value at 10 years,
and ≥80% at 20–25 years. Some manufacturers, as a means for product differentiation, go beyond this and offer clauses on the trajectories of performance losses
(e.g. stepwise versus linear degradation). As of today, some manufacturers are
considering to offer performance warranties of 30 (or 30+) years.
References
1. M. Mittag, M. Ebert, Systematic PV-module optimization with the cell-to-module (CTM)
analysis software “SmartCalc.CTM”. Photovolt. Int. 36, 97–104
2. H. Hanifi, C. Pfau, D. Dassler, S. Schindler, J. Schneider, M. Turek, J. Bagdahn, Investigation of
cell-to-module (CTM) ratios of PV modules by analysis of loss and gain mechanisms. PV-Tech
Mag. 90–98
3. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV)—Results 2017, 9th edn, Mar
2018. www.itrpv.net/Reports/Downloads
4. A. Virtuani, E. Annigoni, C. Ballif, One-type-fits-all-systems: Strategies for preventing
potential-induced degradation in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules. Prog. Photovolt. 27(1), 13–21 (2019)
5. G. Cattaneo, F. Galliano, V. Chapuis, H.Y. Li, C. Schlumpf, A. Faes, T. Söderström, Y. Yao,
R. Grischke, M. Gragert, C. Ballif, L.E. Perret-Aebi, Encapsulants characterization for novel
photovoltaic module design, in Proceedings of the 29th EUPVSEC conference (Amsterdam,
2014), pp. 147–151
6. E. Annigoni, A. Virtuani, M. Caccivio, G. Friesen, D. Chianese, C. Ballif, 35 years of photovoltaics: analysis of the TISO-10-kW solar plant, lessons learnt in safety and performance—Part
2. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 1–19 (2019)
7. W. Luo, Y. Sheng Khoo, P. Hacke, V. Naumann, D. Lausch, S.P. Harvey, J. Prakash Singh, J.
Chai, Y. Wang, A.G. Aberle, S. Ramakrishna, Potential-induced degradation in photovoltaic
modules: a critical review. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 43–68
8. Kempe M., “Modelling of rates of moisture ingress into photovoltaic modules”, (2006), Sol.
En. Mat. Sol. Cells, 90, 2720–2738
9. M. Kempe, Overview of scientific issues involved in selection of polymers for PV applications.
Conference records of 37th IEEE PVSC conference, pp. 85–90 (2011)
10. A. Virtuani, L. Manni, D. Pic, J.L. Allary, E. Saucedo, A comprehensive protocol for assessing
the quality of the lamination process of thin film glass/glass modules. In: Proceedings of the
28th EUPVSEC conference (Hamburg, 2015), pp. 2444–2448
11. A. Mondon, N. Klasen, E. Fokuhl, M. Mittag, M. Heinrich, H. Wirth, Comparison of layouts
for shingled bifacial Pv modules in terms of power output, cell-to-module ratio and bifaciality.
In: Proceedings of the 35th EUPVSEC conference (2018, Brussels), pp. 1006–1010
12. W. Muehleisen, L. Neumaier, C. Hirschl, T. Maier, M. Schwark, S. Seufzer, R. Battistutti, M.
Pedevilla, J. Scheurer, R. Lorenz, Comparison of output power for solar cells with standard
and structured ribbons. EPJ Photovolt. 7, 70701 (2016)
13. A. Faes, M. Despeisse, J. Levrat, J. Champliaud, N. Badel, M. Kiaee, T. Söderström, Y. Yao,
R. Grischke, M. Gragert, J. Ufheil, P. Papet, B. Strahm, G. Cattaneo, J. Cattin, Y. Baumgartner,
A. Hessler-Wyser, C. Ballif, SmartWire solar cell interconnection technology. In: Proceedings
of the 29th EUPVSEC conference (Amsterdam, 2014), pp. 2555–2561
14. E. Dunlop, F. Fabero, G. Friesen, W. Herrmann, J. Hohl-Ebinger, H.D. Mohring, H. Müllejans,
A. Virtuani, W. Warta, W. Zaaiman, Z. Zamini, Guidelines for Pv power measurements in
245
(b) Performance (i.e. power) degradation. Typical threshold values are, respectively, minimum peak powers ≥90% of the initial nameplate value at 10 years,
and ≥80% at 20–25 years. Some manufacturers, as a means for product differentiation, go beyond this and offer clauses on the trajectories of performance losses
(e.g. stepwise versus linear degradation). As of today, some manufacturers are
considering to offer performance warranties of 30 (or 30+) years.
References
1. M. Mittag, M. Ebert, Systematic PV-module optimization with the cell-to-module (CTM)
analysis software “SmartCalc.CTM”. Photovolt. Int. 36, 97–104
2. H. Hanifi, C. Pfau, D. Dassler, S. Schindler, J. Schneider, M. Turek, J. Bagdahn, Investigation of
cell-to-module (CTM) ratios of PV modules by analysis of loss and gain mechanisms. PV-Tech
Mag. 90–98
3. International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV)—Results 2017, 9th edn, Mar
2018. www.itrpv.net/Reports/Downloads
4. A. Virtuani, E. Annigoni, C. Ballif, One-type-fits-all-systems: Strategies for preventing
potential-induced degradation in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic modules. Prog. Photovolt. 27(1), 13–21 (2019)
5. G. Cattaneo, F. Galliano, V. Chapuis, H.Y. Li, C. Schlumpf, A. Faes, T. Söderström, Y. Yao,
R. Grischke, M. Gragert, C. Ballif, L.E. Perret-Aebi, Encapsulants characterization for novel
photovoltaic module design, in Proceedings of the 29th EUPVSEC conference (Amsterdam,
2014), pp. 147–151
6. E. Annigoni, A. Virtuani, M. Caccivio, G. Friesen, D. Chianese, C. Ballif, 35 years of photovoltaics: analysis of the TISO-10-kW solar plant, lessons learnt in safety and performance—Part
2. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 1–19 (2019)
7. W. Luo, Y. Sheng Khoo, P. Hacke, V. Naumann, D. Lausch, S.P. Harvey, J. Prakash Singh, J.
Chai, Y. Wang, A.G. Aberle, S. Ramakrishna, Potential-induced degradation in photovoltaic
modules: a critical review. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 43–68
8. Kempe M., “Modelling of rates of moisture ingress into photovoltaic modules”, (2006), Sol.
En. Mat. Sol. Cells, 90, 2720–2738
9. M. Kempe, Overview of scientific issues involved in selection of polymers for PV applications.
Conference records of 37th IEEE PVSC conference, pp. 85–90 (2011)
10. A. Virtuani, L. Manni, D. Pic, J.L. Allary, E. Saucedo, A comprehensive protocol for assessing
the quality of the lamination process of thin film glass/glass modules. In: Proceedings of the
28th EUPVSEC conference (Hamburg, 2015), pp. 2444–2448
11. A. Mondon, N. Klasen, E. Fokuhl, M. Mittag, M. Heinrich, H. Wirth, Comparison of layouts
for shingled bifacial Pv modules in terms of power output, cell-to-module ratio and bifaciality.
In: Proceedings of the 35th EUPVSEC conference (2018, Brussels), pp. 1006–1010
12. W. Muehleisen, L. Neumaier, C. Hirschl, T. Maier, M. Schwark, S. Seufzer, R. Battistutti, M.
Pedevilla, J. Scheurer, R. Lorenz, Comparison of output power for solar cells with standard
and structured ribbons. EPJ Photovolt. 7, 70701 (2016)
13. A. Faes, M. Despeisse, J. Levrat, J. Champliaud, N. Badel, M. Kiaee, T. Söderström, Y. Yao,
R. Grischke, M. Gragert, J. Ufheil, P. Papet, B. Strahm, G. Cattaneo, J. Cattin, Y. Baumgartner,
A. Hessler-Wyser, C. Ballif, SmartWire solar cell interconnection technology. In: Proceedings
of the 29th EUPVSEC conference (Amsterdam, 2014), pp. 2555–2561
14. E. Dunlop, F. Fabero, G. Friesen, W. Herrmann, J. Hohl-Ebinger, H.D. Mohring, H. Müllejans,
A. Virtuani, W. Warta, W. Zaaiman, Z. Zamini, Guidelines for Pv power measurements in