Chapter 1
Introduction
At present, one of the most important problem of radio electronics, on which the
efforts of many worldwide leading labs and companies with $-millions budgets are
concentrated, is the development, creation, and manufacture of commercially available high-stable oscillators of microwave and millimeter-wave ranges with the
ultralow phase noise: less than À140 dB/Hz at offset of 1–100 kHz from a carrier
[1–5].
Such precision devices for oscillation formation are necessary at development
and design of mobile communications systems, aircraft and satellite communications, systems of data transmission for unmanned flying vehicles (UMFV), radar and
optical coherent systems, antennas systems, and high-precision measuring equipment. Such oscillation sources are also called for UMFLs, including networks or
swarms of UMFVs (20–100 small UMFVs launched simultaneously). Overall
dimensions of such sources should be less that 1000 mm
3 taking into account
modern requirements.
The short-term relative frequency instability (less that 10
À12 at medium operating
frequency 10 GHz) and ultralow phase noises (less that À140 dB/Hz at 10-kHz
frequency offset from the average carrier operating frequency) should provide the
wideband (up to 10–100 Gbit/s) ultrasecret transmission of coded information via a
radio-channel on the long distance (100 km and above).
At present, in many worldwide countries, the development of compact low-noise
frequency-stabilized radio-frequency (RF) oscillators [6–11], which operate in the
1–100-GHz range in integral or hybrid versions. The well-known traditional highstable microwave oscillators, which are available at present, are unacceptable for
some applications. Traditional oscillators with crystal resonators and oscillators on
surface acoustic waves (SAW) with multiplication of frequency being generated do
not enable to get the required level of the power spectral density (PSD) of the phase
noise (PN) at the expense of the multiple phase noise increase at frequency multiplication in microwave and mm-wave oscillating devices. Such well-known
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. A. Bortsov et al., Laser Optoelectronic Oscillators, Springer Series in Optical
Sciences 232, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45700-6_1
1
Introduction
At present, one of the most important problem of radio electronics, on which the
efforts of many worldwide leading labs and companies with $-millions budgets are
concentrated, is the development, creation, and manufacture of commercially available high-stable oscillators of microwave and millimeter-wave ranges with the
ultralow phase noise: less than À140 dB/Hz at offset of 1–100 kHz from a carrier
[1–5].
Such precision devices for oscillation formation are necessary at development
and design of mobile communications systems, aircraft and satellite communications, systems of data transmission for unmanned flying vehicles (UMFV), radar and
optical coherent systems, antennas systems, and high-precision measuring equipment. Such oscillation sources are also called for UMFLs, including networks or
swarms of UMFVs (20–100 small UMFVs launched simultaneously). Overall
dimensions of such sources should be less that 1000 mm
3 taking into account
modern requirements.
The short-term relative frequency instability (less that 10
À12 at medium operating
frequency 10 GHz) and ultralow phase noises (less that À140 dB/Hz at 10-kHz
frequency offset from the average carrier operating frequency) should provide the
wideband (up to 10–100 Gbit/s) ultrasecret transmission of coded information via a
radio-channel on the long distance (100 km and above).
At present, in many worldwide countries, the development of compact low-noise
frequency-stabilized radio-frequency (RF) oscillators [6–11], which operate in the
1–100-GHz range in integral or hybrid versions. The well-known traditional highstable microwave oscillators, which are available at present, are unacceptable for
some applications. Traditional oscillators with crystal resonators and oscillators on
surface acoustic waves (SAW) with multiplication of frequency being generated do
not enable to get the required level of the power spectral density (PSD) of the phase
noise (PN) at the expense of the multiple phase noise increase at frequency multiplication in microwave and mm-wave oscillating devices. Such well-known
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. A. Bortsov et al., Laser Optoelectronic Oscillators, Springer Series in Optical
Sciences 232, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45700-6_1
1