12.2 Limitations and Precautions
247
(3) BOLS-TB derivatives from the skin PES analysis are more reliable than that
from analyzing the size PES of nanocrystals as the uniformity of crystal size
and shape can hardly be certain. The reliability and accuracy also depends on
the volume of skin PES database. The larger the database is, the more reliable
and higher accuracy of the analysis will be. For example, PES profiles collected
from the layered and oriented (hkl) skins determine the energy levels of an
isolated atom and its z-dependent shift with a standard deviation that is inversely
proportional to the square root of the number of date sets.
(4) In analyzing the APECS profiles, the relative shift of the spin-orbit degenerated
levels is negligible particularly for the deeper energy levels.
(5) ZPS applies to monitor coordination and chemical effect on the performance
of bonds and electrons in conductors and semiconductors but insulators. One
may appeal to phonon and photon spectrometrics for detecting the bonding
energetic behavior of insulators and liquids particularly under mechanical and
thermal stimuli without needing high-vacuum environment.
(6) The surface registry and sublayer dependent atomic CN conserves for specific
crystal geometry regardless chemical composition, which enabled the standard
of atomic CN calibration.
12.3 Prospects and Perspectives
The high sensitivity of the ZPS to a tiny change of the chemical and coordination
environment makes it of particular use in monitoring in situ trace element adsorption
both statically and dynamically. The ZPS process keeps the meaningfully intrinsic
information by removing the general background. For instance, in purifying the
adatom or defect states, the ZPS keeps features due to the least atomic CN as new
peaks and the features due to the highest atomic CN in the bulk as a valley. The
ZPS removes the energy states belong to those of intermediate atomic CNs. The
ZPS should be able to resolve a bimetallic system with surface enrichment by one
component, change of surface composition of alloys caused by adsorption or catalytic
reaction, etc. The energy and intensity of the peak may change with the richness of
the excessive skin element.
Besides the chemical and coordination modulation, the ZPS should be sensitive
to any change of electric, magnetic, mechanical or thermal fields applied to the
substance examined. With the establishment of the BOLS-NEP-LBA notion and
ZPS strategy, one is able to gain quantitative information of the local bond length
and energy, charge distribution in various bands, BE density, and atomic cohesive
energy, which form the key to mediating the macroscopic properties of a substance
at the atomic scale in a way of bond-by-bond, and electron-by-electron engineering.
This atomistic, CN-resolved electron spectrometrics, or the BOLS-NEP-ZPS
strategy, may extend to spectrometrics in more general such as phonons and photons
to resolve the multiple-field effect on the collective performance of bond, electron,
247
(3) BOLS-TB derivatives from the skin PES analysis are more reliable than that
from analyzing the size PES of nanocrystals as the uniformity of crystal size
and shape can hardly be certain. The reliability and accuracy also depends on
the volume of skin PES database. The larger the database is, the more reliable
and higher accuracy of the analysis will be. For example, PES profiles collected
from the layered and oriented (hkl) skins determine the energy levels of an
isolated atom and its z-dependent shift with a standard deviation that is inversely
proportional to the square root of the number of date sets.
(4) In analyzing the APECS profiles, the relative shift of the spin-orbit degenerated
levels is negligible particularly for the deeper energy levels.
(5) ZPS applies to monitor coordination and chemical effect on the performance
of bonds and electrons in conductors and semiconductors but insulators. One
may appeal to phonon and photon spectrometrics for detecting the bonding
energetic behavior of insulators and liquids particularly under mechanical and
thermal stimuli without needing high-vacuum environment.
(6) The surface registry and sublayer dependent atomic CN conserves for specific
crystal geometry regardless chemical composition, which enabled the standard
of atomic CN calibration.
12.3 Prospects and Perspectives
The high sensitivity of the ZPS to a tiny change of the chemical and coordination
environment makes it of particular use in monitoring in situ trace element adsorption
both statically and dynamically. The ZPS process keeps the meaningfully intrinsic
information by removing the general background. For instance, in purifying the
adatom or defect states, the ZPS keeps features due to the least atomic CN as new
peaks and the features due to the highest atomic CN in the bulk as a valley. The
ZPS removes the energy states belong to those of intermediate atomic CNs. The
ZPS should be able to resolve a bimetallic system with surface enrichment by one
component, change of surface composition of alloys caused by adsorption or catalytic
reaction, etc. The energy and intensity of the peak may change with the richness of
the excessive skin element.
Besides the chemical and coordination modulation, the ZPS should be sensitive
to any change of electric, magnetic, mechanical or thermal fields applied to the
substance examined. With the establishment of the BOLS-NEP-LBA notion and
ZPS strategy, one is able to gain quantitative information of the local bond length
and energy, charge distribution in various bands, BE density, and atomic cohesive
energy, which form the key to mediating the macroscopic properties of a substance
at the atomic scale in a way of bond-by-bond, and electron-by-electron engineering.
This atomistic, CN-resolved electron spectrometrics, or the BOLS-NEP-ZPS
strategy, may extend to spectrometrics in more general such as phonons and photons
to resolve the multiple-field effect on the collective performance of bond, electron,